Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Brain

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. There is a view that we are² really, most fundamentally, our brains. It seems to promise some good things for both the “psychological criterion³” and “bodily criterion⁴” camps, since the brain is indeed part of the body⁵, and, in the absence of a soul⁶, the source of all our psychological functions. However, we seem to be much more than our brains. After all, who would want to be a Brain in a Vat (BIV⁷)? According to Johnston (see "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings"), BIVs are “maximally mutilated” human beings; which seems to be along the right lines. Note the important distinction between your surviving in a maximally mutilated state (as a brain) and you “really” being your brain.
  2. This is an issue Animalism⁸ has to contend with - whether a BIV is an animal. Paul Snowdon claims₉ that no-one seems to think this, a view that Olson shares but on which he may be open to objection. He says that an animal with a prosthetic leg is a smaller animal with something non-animal attached. If this is admitted, don’t we end up with a sorites¹⁰ argument, that a BIV is a (very much) smaller animal; though not, I think, with any paradox?
  3. The big question is whether an animal’s brain is just another organ (like its liver) or whether it has some other status. That it is somehow special can be presupposed if we start conceptually with the brain as the core from which other parts are shaved off. Whether this is the right approach depends, I think, on what the brain does for the animal, and where the animal is on the phylogenetic tree. The brain is a much more important organ in some animals than others; in some lower animals it has no psychological functions and (maybe) its regulatory functions aren’t essential₁₁.
  4. Why is Woody Allen’s expostulation (in Sleeper) that his brain “(is his) second favourite organ” amusing? Firstly, of course, because of the sexual innuendo and the ultimately strange prioritisation (since you can’t enjoy sexual excitement without a brain), but also, I think, because your brain isn’t an organ that you “have”. Without your brain, there’s no “you” at all, or at least this is a strong intuition.
  5. You can obviously (given even today’s technology), do without a liver, and it seems that on a life-support machine your body can do without its brain – where the brain is looked upon merely as a regulator. But the reference of “you¹²” is a bit slippery in these contexts. There is a sense in which you as an organism can do without a brain – on life support – but “you” as an essentially psychological being cannot. The animalists claim that you – being identical to an animal – have no essential psychological predicates; yet it is difficult to resist the intuition that there’s a reference of “you” that does have essential psychological predicates. This is to you as a person¹³ – but the big question is whether this person is a separate substance constituted by¹⁴ the human animal, or is just a way of describing the animal when possessed of the appropriate psychological predicates. Saying that you can’t do without your brain is just another way of saying that your psychological predicates are those most important to you (the animal); those without which the other predicates cannot be enjoyed.
  6. The issue fundamentally concerns the integrity of organisms¹⁵. It is said that a brain isn’t an organism; but does an organism have to be self-supporting (the main reason for denying the status of organisms to disembodied brains)? After all, we seem to be allowing that an organism on life support is correctly described as an organism. We’ll discuss this further in its place (ie. under organisms¹⁶).
  7. These issues are especially important when we consider various Thought Experiments¹⁷, in particular Brain Transplants¹⁸. Transplantation¹⁹ of all sorts seems to involve fusion²⁰, with its logical problems for identity²¹ (not just for persons).

• ---

  Further Remarks:
  1. Given that brains are important in lots of contexts related to personal identity, it is important to understand how they work – or at least to have some familiarity with some of what is known about how they work. Consequently, the reading lists below have some books on neuroscience. It is difficult to decide how the lists should be divided between this Note and that on the Brain Criterion²². As a first stab, the bulk appear under this Note, though some may be moved as I get further into the topic.
  2. I’ve tried to exclude from the lists below items covered in other related notes, in particular:-
     • BIVs²³
     • Brain Death²⁴
     • Brain State Transfers²⁵
     • Brain Transplants²⁶
     • Commissurotomy²⁷
     • Consciousness²⁸
     • Siliconisation²⁹

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note³⁰, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read
• For a page of Links³¹ to this Note, Click here. Sadly, there’s an absurdly large number of links, very many of them irrelevant, so I’ve not done an updating run.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read³², include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Aeon - Video - Phrenology: the weirdest pseudoscience of them all?", 2021, External Link
    2. "Bess (Michael) - Why upgrading your brain could make you less human", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Epstein (Robert) - The empty brain", 2016, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Grant (Angela) - The bilingual brain: why one size doesn’t fit all", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Graziano (Michael) - Build-a-brain", 2015, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Wheatley (Thalia) - Video - Thalia Wheatley: social neuroscience", 2022, External Link
  • General:
    1. "Bear (Mark), Connors (Barry) & Paradiso (Michael) - Neuroscience", 2002, Book
    2. "Churchland (Patricia) - Brain-wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy", 2002, Book
    3. "Churchland (Patricia) - Neurophilosophy - Towards a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain", 1988, Book
    4. "Churchland (Patricia) - The Brains Behind Morality", 2015, External Link
    5. "Crane (Tim) - The Mental States of Persons and their Brains", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Damasio (Antonio) - Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain", 2000, Book
    7. "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", 1997, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Edwards (Paul) - The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain", 2002
    9. "Genova (Lisa) - Still Alice", 2015, Book
    10. "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note³³, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Kaku (Michio) - The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest To Understand, Enhance and Empower the Mind", 2014, Book, Footnote₃₄
    12. "Lewin (Roger) - Is Your Brain Really Necessary?", 1980, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    13. "MacKay (Donald) - Brains, Machines & Persons", 1980, Book
    14. "Marsh (Henry) - Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery", 2014, Book
    15. "Miller (Kenneth D.) - Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain?", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Parkin (Alan) - Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology", 1996 / 2003, Book
    17. "Smart (J.C.C.) - Sensations and Brain Processes", 1959, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Steinhart (Eric) - Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms", 2001, Annotations
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Andrewes (David) - Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice", 2004, Book, Read = 1%
    2. "Baker (Peter) - An Explanation of How Brains Think", 1997, Book
    3. "Bennett (M.R.) & Hacker (P.M.S.) - Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience", 2003, Book, Read = 1%
    4. "Blakemore (Colin) & Greenfield (Susan), Eds. - Mindwaves: Thoughts on Intelligence, Identity and Consciousness", 1989, Book
    5. "Borst (C.V.), Ed. - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory", 1970, Book
    6. "Changizi (Mark A.) - The Brain from 25,000 Feet", 2003, Book
    7. "Claxton (Guy) - Intelligence in the Flesh: Why Your Mind Needs Your Body Much More Than it Thinks", 2015, Book, Read = 18%
    8. "Collingridge (D.G.) - Puccetti's 'Paradox'", 1971, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Damasio (Antonio), Ed. - The 'Scientific American' Book of the Brain: The Best Writing on Consciousness", 1999, Book
    10. "DeMyer (William) - Neuroanatomy", 1990, Book
    11. "Dennett (Daniel) - Brainchildren - Essays on Designing Minds", 1998, Book, Read = 1%
    12. "Eccles (John) - Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self", 1991, Book, Read = 2%
    13. "Feinberg (Todd) - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self", 2001, Book
    14. "Greenfield (Susan) - Soul, Brain and Mind", 1999, No Abstract, Read = 20%
    15. "Grush (Rick) - In Defense of Some 'Cartesian' Assumptions Concerning the Brain and Its Operation", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Hayworth (Kenneth) - Vitrifying the Connectomic Self", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    17. "Hofstadter (Douglas) - A Conversation with Einstein's Brain", 1981, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Jubak (Jim) - In the Image of the Brain - Breaking the Barrier Between the Human Mind and Intelligent Machines", 1994, Book
    19. "Kinsbourne (Marcel) - Asymmetrical Function of the Brain", 1978, Book
    20. "Mitchell (Kevin J.) - Innate: How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are", 2018, Book, Read = 1%
    21. "Muldoon (L.L.) & Neuwelt (E.A.) - Local and global gene therapy in the central nervous system", 1995
    22. "Neuwelt (E.A.), Etc. - Open Peer Commentary on 'Controversies in Neuroscience II: Neural Transplantation'", 1995
    23. "Neuwelt (E.A.), Pagel (M.A.), Geller (A.) & Muldoon (L.L.) - Gene replacement therapy in the central nervous system: Viral vector-mediated therapy of global neurodegenerative disease", 1995, Internal PDF Link
    24. "NHS - Brain Death", External Link, Read = 200%
    25. "Obler (Loraine K.) & Gjerlow (Kris) - Language and the Brain", 1999, Book
    26. "Olson (Eric) - The Role of the Brainstem in Personal Identity", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    27. "Popper (Karl) & Eccles (John) - The Self and Its Brain", 1997, Book, Read = 2%
    28. "Quartz (Steven R.) - Innateness and the Brain", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    29. "Quartz (Steven R.) & Sejnowski (Terrence) - The neural basis of cognitive development: A constructivist manifesto", 1997, Internal PDF Link
    30. "Restak (Richard) - The Modular Brain", 1994, Book, Read = 1%
    31. "Samuels (Richard) - What Brains Won't Tell Us About the Mind: A Critique of the Neurobiological Argument Against Representational Nativism", 1998, Internal PDF Link
    32. "Sinden (J.D.), Hodges (H.) & Gray (J.A.) - Grafts and the art of mind's reconstruction", 1995
    33. "Sinden (J.D.), Hodges (H.) & Gray (J.A.) - Neural Transplantation and recovery of cognitive function", 1995, No Abstract
    34. "Smart (J.C.C.) - The Mind/Brain Identity Theory", 2000, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    35. "Stein (D.G.) & Glasier (M.M.) - Are fetal brain tissue grafts necessary for the treatment of brain damage?", 1995
    36. "Stein (D.G.) & Glasier (M.M.) - Some Practical and theoretical issue concerning fetal brain tissue grafts as therapy for brain dysfunctions", 1995, No Abstract
    37. "Stone (Tony) & Davies (Martin) - Autonomous Psychology and the Moderate Neuron Doctrine", 1999, Internal PDF Link
    38. "Vanderwolf (C.H.) - An Odyssey Through the Brain, Behavior and the Mind", 2003, Book
    39. "Wikipedia - Brain Death", External Link, Read = 100%
    40. "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Minds, Brains and People", 1974, Book, Read = 3%
    41. "Wills (Christopher) - The Runaway Brain - The Evolution of Human Uniqueness", 1994, Book
    42. "Zuboff (Arnold) - The Story of a Brain", 1981, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
• For further papers held on-line of potential interest, follow this Link³⁵. Total papers = 2.

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder³⁶.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 9:

1. Where? I need to check this out.

Footnote 11:

1. I need to check this.
2. The idea is that in some lower animals, regulation is distributed throughout the body, with the brain playing a less central role.
3. This is true of the octopus – a highly intelligent animal – with many neurones distributed throughout its tentacles.
4. The same is also true (though to a lesser extent) of human animals – the PNS undertakes various co-ordinating functions, which is why brain-transplant TEs are somewhat simplistic.
5. However, maybe I need to distinguish between different neural functions – regulation, coordination, sensation, etc.

Footnote 34:

• I’ve read this book, but it’s insufficiently philosophical for its arguments – such as they are – to be worth considering as a priority.

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Table of the Previous 11 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	9037	Brain
11/04/2022 00:01:26	8679	Brain
02/07/2021 20:32:38	8216	Brain
07/02/2021 19:46:34	7702	Brain
17/05/2020 22:04:48	6873	Brain
24/04/2018 00:12:58	7910	Brain
14/03/2018 10:07:41	7901	Brain
03/02/2018 18:44:38	6220	Brain
18/08/2009 20:39:50	3954	Brain
26/11/2007 23:25:26	2674	Brain
12/08/2007 10:17:46	2537	Brain

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Brain	Physical Continuity

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalism	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Body	Body Criterion	Brain Criterion
Brain Death	Brain State Transfer	Brain Transplants	Brains in Vats	Commissurotomy
Consciousness	Constitution	Fusion	I	Johnston - Human Beings
Logic of Identity	Note Links Explanation	Organisms	Person	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage
Plug Note Apologia	Psychological Criterion	Siliconisation	Sorites	Souls
Thought Experiments	Transplants	What are We?	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Abbreviations	Aeon Papers, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Aeon Papers - Summary Document: 2017-2018	Animation	Body
Brain Criterion, 2	Brain Death	Brain State Transfer, 2, 3, 4	Brain Transplants, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Cerebrum, 2
Chimera	Commissurotomy, 2, 3, 4	Computers	Constitution View	Constitution View - Objections, 2
Continuity	Counting Persons	Death	Disembodied Existence	Essentialism
Existential Passage, 2, 3	Fission, 2, 3, 4	Human Beings	Johnston - Human Beings	Mereology
Multiple Personality Disorder	Near Death Experiences	Non-Human Persons	Olson - Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Olson - What Are We? Animals
Olson - What Are We? The Question	Organisms, 2	Persistence Criteria	Persistent Vegetative State	Physicalism
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Psychology	Reduplication Objections, 2	Siliconisation	Teletransportation
Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?), 2	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time), 2, 3
Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2, 3	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It), 2, 3	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View), 2	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection), 2, 3, 4
Thesis - Current Stance	Thisness (Haecceity)	Transplants, 2	Uploading	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
What are We?

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Ayer (A.J.)	N/A	Author
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	N/A	Author
Cerullo (Michael A.)	N/A	Author	2
Cerullo (Michael A.)	Uploading and Branching Identity	Paper
Dainton (Barry)	Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue	Paper		Yes
Dennett (Daniel)	Where Am I?	Paper		Yes
Frankish (Keith)	N/A	Author
Friston (Karl)	Karl Friston: Embodied cognition	Paper		Yes
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Johnston (Mark)	Human Beings	Paper		Yes
Liao (S. Matthew)	The Organism View Defended	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach	Paper	2	Yes
Papineau (David)	Introducing Consciousness	Paper		Yes
Puccetti (Roland)	Brain Transplants and Personal Identity	Paper	2
Seth (Anil Kumar)	N/A	Author	2, 3, 4
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Immortality	Paper	2	Yes
Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules)	Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?	Paper		Yes
Tammet (Daniel)	N/A	Author	2, 3
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Abbreviations	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animation	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Body	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Criterion	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Death	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain State Transfer	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Transplants	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Cerebrum	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chimera	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Commissurotomy	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Computers	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Constitution View	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Constitution View - Objections	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Continuity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Counting Persons	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Death	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Disembodied Existence	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Essentialism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Fission	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Human Beings	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Mereology	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Multiple Personality Disorder	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Near Death Experiences	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Non-Human Persons	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Organisms	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Persistence Criteria	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Persistent Vegetative State	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Physicalism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Psychology	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Reduplication Objections	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Siliconisation	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Teletransportation	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Thisness (Haecceity)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Transplants	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Uploading	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - What Are We?	Paper		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Materialism and the Psychological-continuity Account of Personal Identity	Paper		Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Aeon	Video - Phrenology: the weirdest pseudoscience of them all?	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 06 May 2021	Yes
Alvarez (Carlos J.)	The Neural Substrate of Emotions and Emotional Processing	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 7	No
Andrewes (David)	Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice	Book - Cited	Andrewes (David) - Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice	1%
Augustine (Keith) & Fishman (Yonatan I.)	The Dualist’s Dilemma: The High Cost of Reconciling Neuroscience with a Soul	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 10	22%
Bailey (Andrew M.)	The Priority Principle	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of the American Philosophical Association (2014) 1–12	25%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Are Beliefs Brain States?	Paper - By Subtopic	Explaining Beliefs: Lynne Rudder Baker and her Critics, Anthonie Meijers, ed. (Stanford: CSLI Publications, 2001): 17-38	8%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Attitudes As Nonentities	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies, 76:175–203, 1994	6%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Reply to van Gulick	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies, 76:217–21, 1994	No
Baker (Lynne Rudder) & Woodruff (David M.)	Review of 'Consciousness and the Brain: A Scientific and Philosophical Inquiry'	Paper - By Subtopic	Neuropsychologia, 16, 1978	No
Bear (Mark), Connors (Barry) & Paradiso (Michael)	Neuroscience	Book - Cited	Bear (Mark), Connors (Barry) & Paradiso (Michael) - Neuroscience	Yes
Bechtel (William)	Decomposing the Mind-Brain: A Long-Term Pursuit	Paper - By Subtopic	Brain and Mind 3: 229–242, 2002	8%
Bess (Michael)	Why upgrading your brain could make you less human	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 08 February, 2017	Yes
Borst (C.V.), Ed.	The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	Book - By Subtopic	Borst (C.V.), Ed. - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Brennan (Andrew)	Persons and their Brains	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis 30.1, 1969, pp. 27-30	No
Brierley (John)	The Thinking Machine: Genes, Brain, Endocrines, and Human Nature	Book - By Subtopic	Brierley (John) - The Thinking Machine: Genes, Brain, Endocrines, and Human Nature	No
Buonomano (Dean)	Your Brain Is a Time Machine: The Neuroscience and Physics of Time	Book - By Subtopic	Buonomano (Dean) - Your Brain Is a Time Machine: The Neuroscience and Physics of Time	1%
Changizi (Mark A.)	The Brain from 25,000 Feet	Book - By Subtopic	Changizi (Mark A.) - The Brain from 25,000 Feet	No
Changizi (Mark A.)	The Brain from 25,000 Feet	Paper - By Subtopic	Changizi (Mark A.) - The Brain from 25,000 Feet	No
Churchland (Patricia)	Brain-wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy	Book - By Subtopic	Churchland (Patricia) - Brain-wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy	Yes
Churchland (Patricia)	Neurophilosophy - Towards a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain	Book - By Subtopic	Churchland (Patricia) - Neurophilosophy - Towards a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain	Yes
Churchland (Patricia)	The Brains Behind Morality	Paper - Cited	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Mind, Self and Person, 2015	Yes
Coburn (Robert)	Shaffer on the Identity of Mental States and Brain Processes	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Cockburn (David)	The Mind, the Brain and the Face	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy, Vol. 60, No. 234 (Oct., 1985), pp. 477-493	No
Collingridge (D.G.)	Puccetti's 'Paradox'	Paper - Cited	Philosophy, Vol. 46, No. 176 (Apr., 1971), p. 158	No
Crabbe (James), Ed.	From Soul to Self	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	2%
Crane (Tim)	The Mental States of Persons and their Brains	Paper - Cited	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Mind, Self and Person, 2015	Yes
Dainton (Barry)	From Phenomenal Selves to Hyper-Selves	Paper - By Subtopic	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Mind, Self and Person, 2015	Yes
Damasio (Antonio), Ed.	The 'Scientific American' Book of the Brain: The Best Writing on Consciousness	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Damasio (Antonio), Ed. - The 'Scientific American' Book of the Brain: The Best Writing on Consciousness	No
Davis (Joseph E.)	Chemically Imbalanced: Everyday Suffering, Medication, and Our Troubled Quest for Self-Mastery	Book - By Subtopic	Davis (Joseph E.) - Chemically Imbalanced: Everyday Suffering, Medication, and Our Troubled Quest for Self-Mastery	2%
DeMyer (William)	Neuroanatomy	Book - By Subtopic	DeMyer (William) - Neuroanatomy	0%
DeMyer (William)	Neuroanatomy	Paper - By Subtopic	DeMyer - Neuroanatomy	1%
Dennett (Daniel)	Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	43%
Dennett (Daniel)	Reflections on Dennett's 'Where Am I?'	Paper - By Subtopic	Hofstadter & Dennett - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul	No
Dennett (Daniel)	Where Am I?	Paper - Cited	Dennett - Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology, Chapter 17, 1978	Yes
Eccles (John)	Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self	Book - By Subtopic	Eccles (John) - Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self	2%
Edwards (Paul)	Reincarnation: A Critical Examination	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Edwards (Paul)	The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain	Paper - By Subtopic	Edwards - Immortality, pp, 292-307	No
Edwards (Paul)	The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain	Paper - Cited	Edwards - Reincarnation: A Critical Examination, 2002, Chapter 17	Yes
Edwards (Paul), Ed.	Immortality	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Edwards (Paul), Ed. - Immortality	4%
Epstein (Robert)	The empty brain	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 18 May, 2016	Yes
Feinberg (Todd)	Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Feinberg (Todd) - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Auto-Bodies	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 5	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Being and Brain	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 9	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Deconstructing the Self	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 2	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Introduction: Soul Searching	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 1	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Journey to the Center of the Mind	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 7	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Keeping It All Together	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 6	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Missing Pieces; Familiar Places	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 3	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Mything Persons	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 4	No
Feinberg (Todd)	Our Brains, Our Selves	Paper - By Subtopic	Daedalus, Vol. 135, No. 4, On Identity (Fall, 2006), pp. 72-80	No
Feinberg (Todd)	The Living Mind	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 10	No
Feinberg (Todd)	The Nested Hierarchy of the Self and Mind	Paper - By Subtopic	Feinberg - Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self, 2001, Chapter 8	No
Fine (Cordelia)	Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society	Book - By Subtopic	Fine (Cordelia) - Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society	2%
Fine (Cordelia)	Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society	Paper - By Subtopic	Fine (Cordelia) - Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society	4%
Gennaro (Rocco) & Fishman (Yonatan I.)	The Argument from Brain Damage Vindicated	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 5	No
Grant (Angela)	The bilingual brain: why one size doesn’t fit all	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 13 March, 2017	Yes
Graziano (Michael)	Build-a-brain	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 10 July, 2015	Yes
Greenfield (Susan)	Soul, Brain and Mind	Paper - Cited	Crabbe - From Soul to Self	20%
Greenfield (Susan)	The Greek Mind in the Modern World	Paper - By Subtopic	Backdoor Broadcasting Company	No
Grush (Rick)	In Defense of Some 'Cartesian' Assumptions Concerning the Brain and Its Operation	Paper - Cited	Biology and Philosophy, Volume 18, Number 1, January 2003, pp. 53-93(41)	No
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: A-B (& General)	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: C-F	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	51%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: G-K	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	31%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: L-P	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: L-P	33%
Hayworth (Kenneth)	Vitrifying the Connectomic Self	Paper - Cited	The Brain Preservation Foundation website (February 2018)	11%
Herculano-Houzel (Suzana), Etc.	The elephant brain in numbers	Paper - By Subtopic	Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 12 June 2014	11%
Hines (Terence)	Brain, Language, and Survival after Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 8	No
Hinton (J.M.)	Illusions and Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Hofstadter (Douglas)	A Conversation with Einstein's Brain	Paper - Cited	Hofstadter & Dennett - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul	No
Hofstadter (Douglas) & Dennett (Daniel)	Reflections on Zuboff's 'The Story of a Brain'	Paper - By Subtopic	Hofstadter & Dennett - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul	No
Hofstadter (Douglas) & Dennett (Daniel), Eds.	The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hofstadter (Douglas) & Dennett (Daniel), Eds. - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul	14%
Hofstadter (Douglas) & Dennett (Daniel), Eds.	The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	14%
Horder (Jamie)	The Brain that Doesn’t Know Itself: Persons Oblivious to their Neurological Deficits	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 9	No
James (William)	Consciousness, the Brain and Immortality	Paper - By Subtopic	Edwards - Immortality, pp, 282-291	No
Johnston (Mark)	Human Beings	Paper - Cited	Journal of Philosophy, Volume 84, Issue 2 (Feb 1987), 59-83	Yes
Kandel (Eric R.) & Hawkins (Robert D.)	The Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality	Paper - By Subtopic	Damasio - The "Scientific American" Book of the Brain: The Best Writing on Consciousness	No
Koene (Randal) & Deca (Diana)	Whole Brain Emulation seeks to Implement a Mind and its General Intelligence through System Identification	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 4(3) 1-9, 2013	11%
Kolak (Daniel) & Martin (Raymond), Eds.	Self and Identity: Contemporary Philosophical Issues	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Kolak (Daniel) & Martin (Raymond), Eds. - Self and Identity: Contemporary Philosophical Issues	No
Lavelle (Suilin)	Minds, Brains and Computers	Paper - By Subtopic	Ward (Dave), Pritchard (Duncan), Massimi (Michela), Lavelle (Suilin), Chrisman (Matthew), Hazlett (Allan) & Richmond (Alasdair) - Introduction to Philosophy, 2013	Yes
Lewin (Roger)	Is Your Brain Really Necessary?	Paper - Cited	Science, New Series, Vol. 210, No. 4475 (Dec. 12, 1980), pp. 1232-1234	Yes
Lewis (Marc)	The addiction habit	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 14 December, 2016	Yes
MacKay (Donald)	Brains, Machines & Persons	Book - By Subtopic	MacKay (Donald) - Brains, Machines & Persons	Yes
Mackie (David)	Going Topless	Paper - By Subtopic	Ratio 11.2, Sep1998, p125, 16p	Yes
Marsh (Henry)	Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery	Book - By Subtopic	Marsh (Henry) - Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery	Yes
Marsh (Henry)	Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery	Paper - By Subtopic	Marsh (Henry) - Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery	Yes
Martin (L. Michael) & Augustine (Keith)	The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Martin (L. Michael) & Augustine (Keith) - The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death	15%
McCormick (Matt)	Dead as a Doornail: Souls, Brains, and Survival	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 2	No
Miller (Kenneth D.)	Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain?	Paper - Cited	NY Times, 11th October 2015	Yes
Mitchell (Kevin J.)	Innate: How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are	Book - By Subtopic	Mitchell (Kevin J.) - Innate: How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are	1%
Muldoon (L.L.) & Neuwelt (E.A.)	Local and global gene therapy in the central nervous system	Paper - Cited	Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18.1, March 1995, pp. 76-78	No
Nagel (Thomas)	Physicalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Napadow (Vitaly)	Does acupuncture work by re-mapping the brain?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 04 October, 2017	Yes
Neuwelt (E.A.), Etc.	Open Peer Commentary on 'Controversies in Neuroscience II: Neural Transplantation'	Paper - Cited	Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18.1, March 1995, pp. 46 - 75	No
NHS	Brain Death	Paper - By Subtopic	NHS Website, taken 28th February 2023	No
Noe (Alva)	Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness	Book - By Subtopic	Noe (Alva) - Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness	8%
Obler (Loraine K.) & Gjerlow (Kris)	Language and the Brain	Book - By Subtopic	Obler (Loraine K.) & Gjerlow (Kris) - Language and the Brain	0%
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed.	Mind, Self and Person	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Mind, Self and Person	35%
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed.	Mind, Self and Person	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	35%
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	99%
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	81%
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Piccinini (Gualtiero) & Bahar (Sonya)	No Mental Life after Brain Death: The Argument from the Neural Localization of Mental Functions	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 6	No
Pinto (Yair)	When you split the brain, do you split the person?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 26 September, 2017	Yes
Platts-Mills (Ben)	Tell Me the Planets: Stories of Brain Injury and What It Means to Survive	Book - By Subtopic	Platts-Mills (Ben) - Tell Me the Planets: Stories of Brain Injury and What It Means to Survive	1%
Popper (Karl) & Eccles (John)	The Self and Its Brain	Book - By Subtopic	Popper (Karl) & Eccles (John) - The Self and Its Brain	2%
Puccetti (Roland)	Brain Bisection and Personal Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 24:339-355 (1973)	No
Puccetti (Roland)	Mr. Brennan on Person's Brains	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis 31.1, 1970, pp. 30-32	No
Puccetti (Roland)	Two Brains, Two Minds? Wigan's Theory of Mental Duality	Paper - By Subtopic	Kolak & Martin - Self and Identity: Contemporary Philosophical Issues	No
Quartz (Steven R.)	Innateness and the Brain	Paper - By Subtopic	Biology and Philosophy, Volume 18, Number 1, January 2003, pp. 13-40(28)	No
Quartz (Steven R.) & Sejnowski (Terrence)	The neural basis of cognitive development: A constructivist manifesto	Paper - By Subtopic	Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20 (4): 537-596, 1997	No
Restak (Richard)	The Modular Brain	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Restak (Richard) - The Modular Brain	1%
Restak (Richard)	The Modular Brain: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Restak - The Modular Brain, 1994, Introduction	33%
Rorty (Richard)	Mind-Body Identity, Privacy, and Categories	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Rosenthal (David), Ed.	The Nature of Mind	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	10%
Samuels (Richard)	What Brains Won't Tell Us About the Mind: A Critique of the Neurobiological Argument Against Representational Nativism	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind and Language 13.4, Dec. 1998, pp. 548-570	No
Seifert (Josef)	Is 'Brain Death' Actually Death	Paper - By Subtopic	The Monist, Vol. 76, No. 2, Philosophical Aspects of Death and Dying (APRIL 1993), pp. 175-202	No
Seung (Sebastian)	Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are	Book - By Subtopic	Seung (Sebastian) - Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are	2%
Seung (Sebastian)	Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are	Paper - By Subtopic	Seung (Sebastian) - Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are	4%
Shaffer (Jerome)	Could Mental States be Brain Processes?	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Shewmon (D. Alan)	The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights Into the Standard Biological Rationale for Equating “Brain Death” With Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Oct. 2001 26.5, pp. 457-478	No
Smart (J.C.C.)	Brain Processes and Incorrigibility	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Smart (J.C.C.)	Further Remarks on Sensations and Brain Processes	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Smart (J.C.C.)	Materialism	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Smart (J.C.C.)	Sensations and Brain Processes	Paper - Cited	Rosenthal - The Nature of Mind	Yes
Smart (J.C.C.)	The Mind/Brain Identity Theory	Paper - By Subtopic	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy	8%
Smith (C.U.M.)	The Brain - Towards an Understanding	Book - By Subtopic	Smith (C.U.M.) - The Brain - Towards an Understanding	No
Steinhart (Eric)	Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms	Paper - Cited	Biology and Philosophy, Volume 16, Number 1, January 2001, pp. 3-27(25).	Yes
Stevenson (J.T.)	'Sensations and Brain Processes': A Reply to J.J.C. Smart	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Taylor (Charles)	Mind-Body Identity, a Side Issue?	Paper - By Subtopic	Borst - The Mind-Brain Identity Theory	No
Taylor (Richard)	Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Taylor (Richard) - Metaphysics	5%
Taylor (Richard)	Polarity	Paper - By Subtopic	Taylor (Richard) - Metaphysics, Chapter 12	No
Theil (Stefan)	Why the Human Brain Project Went Wrong - and How to Fix It	Paper - By Subtopic	Scientific American, 1st October 2015	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Death	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Cerebrum	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tzinman (Rina)	Against the Brainstem View of the Persistence of Human Animals	Paper - By Subtopic	A. Blank (ed.), Animals: New Essays. Philosophia (2016)	8%
Vanderwolf (C.H.)	An Odyssey Through the Brain, Behavior and the Mind	Book - By Subtopic	Vanderwolf (C.H.) - An Odyssey Through the Brain, Behavior and the Mind	No
Vanderwolf (C.H.)	An Odyssey Through the Brain, Behavior and the Mind	Paper - By Subtopic	Vanderwolf (C.H.) - An Odyssey Through the Brain, Behavior and the Mind	No
Ward (Dave), Pritchard (Duncan), Massimi (Michela), Lavelle (Suilin), Chrisman (Matthew), Hazlett (Allan) & Richmond (Alasdair)	Introduction to Philosophy	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Ward (Dave), Pritchard (Duncan), Massimi (Michela), Lavelle (Suilin), Chrisman (Matthew), Hazlett (Allan) & Richmond (Alasdair) - Introduction to Philosophy	No
Wheatley (Thalia)	Video - Thalia Wheatley: social neuroscience	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 26 May 2022	Yes
Wikipedia	Brain Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Wikipedia, taken 28th February 2023	No
Wikipedia	Central Nervous System	Paper - By Subtopic	Wikipedia, taken 28th February 2023	No
Wikipedia	Peripheral nervous system	Paper - By Subtopic	Wikipedia, taken 28th February 2023	No
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Minds, Brains and People	Book - By Subtopic	Wilkerson (T.E.) - Minds, Brains and People	3%
Wills (Christopher)	The Runaway Brain - The Evolution of Human Uniqueness	Book - By Subtopic	Wills (Christopher) - The Runaway Brain - The Evolution of Human Uniqueness	No
Zuboff (Arnold)	The Story of a Brain	Paper - By Subtopic	Hofstadter & Dennett - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul	No

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