Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Fetuses

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. In humans, the implanted embryo ("Wikipedia - Embryo") is called a fetus ("Wikipedia - Fetus") after 11 weeks which remains the favoured term of reference until the individual²’s birth – whether full-term or induced – when it is referred to as a neonate (or a baby!). Referring to the fetus as a “baby” is tendentious but common in the pro-life movement.
  2. Fetuses feature a lot in the philosophy of personal identity. Are they persons³, or merely potential persons, given that they probably fail the conditions for personhood⁴?
  3. Was I⁵ ever a fetus? At least, was I an early-term fetus?
  4. This latter question is addressed by animalists⁶ – who think that we were indeed fetuses – as a poser for supporters of the psychological view⁷ (or constitution view⁸) of personal identity (since fetuses lack psychological connectedness⁹ to adult persons, and even lack psychological continuity¹⁰ to them on the presumption that early-term fetuses lack all psychological experience).
  5. But, it’s also alleged as a problem for animalism¹¹, or at least a matter that has not been properly addressed by them. What was the relation of the fetus to its mother. Was the mother merely a container, or was the fetus a proper part¹² of the mother, who thereby fissioned¹³ on the baby’s birth? See Elselijn Kingma and "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?".
  6. It strikes me that the “fission at birth” view is too implausible – the fetus – especially near term – certainly looks like an independent being that’s being hosted on life support by the mother. So, maybe we can come to a compromise understanding whereby the fissioning¹⁴ happens earlier, though the separation would clearly be more vague¹⁵ than the cutting of the umbilical cord.

• ---

  Further Remarks:
  1. Before addressing all these issues, I need to be clear on what the fetus is. See my notes on Zygotes¹⁶ and the Embryo¹⁷. Basically, a Fetus is a developing but unborn mammal subsequent to implantation and maybe some further development.
  2. While the impact of the metaphysical status of the fetus has a major bearing on its rights (if any) and on the abortion question, these serious topics aren’t part of the scope of my Thesis, so won’t be addressed except in so far as they make metaphysical claims or assumptions.
  3. Note: my spell-checker prefers “foetus”, but the American spelling “fetus” is used in the literature.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read
  2. "Wikipedia - Embryo", External Link, Read = 17%
  3. "Wikipedia - Fetus", External Link, Read = 17%
• For a Page of Links¹⁸ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁹, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • General:
    1. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Embryos and Final Causes", 1990, No Abstract
    2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons", 2000, Write-Up Note²⁰, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - What Am I?", 1999, Write-Up Note²¹, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Footnote₂₂
    4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue", 1975
    6. "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction", 1975
    7. "Carter (William) - Do Zygotes Become People?", 1982, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    8. "DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Feldman (Fred) - Abortion and the Failure to Conceive", 1992
    10. "Francescotti (Robert) - Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017, Book
    13. "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017
    14. "Kingma (Elselijn) - BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1)", 2016, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    15. "Kingma (Elselijn) - BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B2)", 2016, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations
    17. "Koch (Christof) - When Does Consciousness Arise in Human Babies?", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
    19. "Olson (Eric) - Persistence", 1999
    20. "Olson (Eric) - Reply to Lynne Rudder Baker", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    21. "Olson (Eric) - Was I Ever a Fetus?", 1997, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    22. "Olson (Eric) - Was I Ever a Fetus? (Human Animal)", 1999
    23. "Shoemaker (David) - Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    24. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics - Introduction", 2009
    25. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009
    26. "Velleman (David) - Beyond Price: Essays on Life and Death - Introduction", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    27. "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Infants and Foetuses", 2003
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds. - Human Life, Action and Ethics", 2005, Book, Read = 10%
    2. "Archard (David) - Wrongful Life", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Bermudez (Jose Luis) - The Moral Significance of Birth", 1996, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    4. "Chambers (K. Lindsey) - It’s Complicated: What Our Attitudes toward Pregnancy, Abortion, and Miscarriage Tell Us about the Moral Status of Early Fetuses", 2020, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    5. "Chisholm (Roderick) - Coming Into Being and Passing Away: Can the Metaphysician Help?", 1989, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Engelhardt (H. Tristram) - The Ontology of Abortion", 1974, Internal PDF Link
    7. "English (Jane) - Abortion and the Concept of a Person", 1975
    8. "Flower (Michael J.) - Neuromaturation and the Moral Status of Human Fetal Life", 1985, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics", 1996, Book, Read = 4%
    10. "Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary", 1996, Read = 33%
    11. "Forrester (Mary) - Should Fetuses be Extended Persons?", 1996
    12. "Forrester (Mary) - The Central Feature of Personhood", 1996, Read = 33%
    13. "Forrester (Mary) - The Human Fetus: Introduction", 1996
    14. "Gallagher (Shaun) - The Moral Significance of Primitive Self-Consciousness: A Response to Bermudez", 1996, Internal PDF Link
    15. "Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca) - After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    16. "Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures", 1990, Book, Read = 2%
    17. "Hershenov (David) - Abortions and Distortions: An Analysis of Morally Irrelevant Factors in Thomson's Violinist Thought Experiment", 2001, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Embryo Problem", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    19. "Howsepian (Avak Albert) - Four queries concerning the metaphysics of early human embryogenesis", 2008, Read = 13%
    20. "Instone-Brewer (David) - Techniques and Assumptions in Jewish Exegesis before 70 CE", No Abstract, Read = 5%
    21. "Jones (D. Gareth) - The Human Embryo: Between Oblivion and Meaningful Life", 1994, Internal PDF Link
    22. "Kenny (Anthony) - Life Stories: When an individual life begins - and the ethics of ending it", 2007, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Kolb (Charles E.M.) - The Proposed Human Life Statute: Abortion as Murder", 1981, Internal PDF Link
    24. "Manninen (Bertha Alvarez) - Yes, the baby should live: a pro-choice response to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    25. "Marquis (Don) - Why Abortion is Immoral", 1989, Internal PDF Link
    26. "McInerney (Peter K.) - Does a Fetus Already Have a Future-Like-Ours", 1990, Internal PDF Link
    27. "Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - The Moral & Metaphysical Status of the Unborn: Abortion and Fetal Research", 2000, No Abstract
    28. "Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy", 1992, Book, Read = 2%
    29. "Olson (Eric) - Was I Ever a Fetus? ('New Version')", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    30. "Page (Edgar) - Neonates, Persons and the Right to Life", 1989, Internal PDF Link
    31. "Persson (Ingmar) - Harming the Non-conscious", 1999, Internal PDF Link
    32. "Stone (Jim) - Why Potentiality Matters", 1987, Internal PDF Link
    33. "Thomson (Judith Jarvis) - A Defense of Abortion", 1971, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    34. "Tooley (Michael) - Abortion", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    35. "Verny (Thomas), Kelly (John) - The Secret Life of the Unborn Child", 1982, Book
    36. "Wikipedia - Embryo", External Link, Read = 17%
    37. "Wikipedia - Fetus", External Link, Read = 17%
    38. "Wreen (Michael J.) - The Standing is Slippery", 2004
• For further papers held on-line of potential interest, follow this Link²³. Total papers = 2.

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder²⁴.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 22:

• See Draft Note, Review Comments.

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Table of the Previous 9 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	5850	Fetuses
11/05/2022 18:59:02	5525	Fetuses
02/07/2021 20:32:38	4821	Fetuses
23/09/2020 10:39:22	3733	Fetuses
15/07/2018 19:00:29	5419	Fetuses
04/08/2017 22:52:19	2904	Fetuses
18/12/2010 19:58:05	637	Fetuses
26/11/2007 23:25:26	625	Fetuses
12/08/2007 10:17:46	80	Fetuses

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Fetuses	Animalism

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalism	Animalism - Objections	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Baker - The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons	Baker - What Am I?
Connectedness vs Continuity	Constitution View - Objections	Embryo	Fission	I
Individual	Jen_080317 (Baker)	Mereology	Note Links Explanation	Person
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage	Plug Note Apologia	Psychological Continuity	Psychological View	Vagueness
Works Read - Explanation	Zygote

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Abortion	Aeon Papers - Summary Document: 2017-2018	Animalism	Animalism - Objections, 2, 3	Baker - Persons in the Material World
Baker - The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons, 2, 3	Birch - The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI	Connectedness vs Continuity	Constitution View - Objections, 2	Embryo, 2
Existential Passage	Fusion	Metamorphosis	Olson	Olson - What Are We? Animals, 2
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Pregnancy, 2	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2
Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View), 2	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2	Thesis - Current Stance	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Twinning	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Zygote, 2

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Agar (Nicholas)	Functionalism and Personal Identity	Paper
Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds.	The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice	Book
Baker (Deane-Peter)	Taylor and Parfit on Personal Identity: a Response to Lotter	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Precis of 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View'	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	What Am I?	Paper	2	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12	Yes
Beckwith (Francis J.)	Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin's A Defense of Abortion	Paper
Beckwith (Francis J.)	Potentials and burdens: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper	2, 3
Belshaw (Christopher)	Review of Paul Snowdon's 'Persons, Animals, Ourselves'	Paper		Yes
Bermudez (Jose Luis)	The Moral Significance of Birth	Paper	2
Birch (Jonathan)	The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI	Paper		Yes
Bradley (Ben), Feldman (Fred) & Johansson (Jens)	The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death	Book
Brandon (Ed)	Review of David Lund's 'Persons, Souls and Death'	Paper		Yes
Brill (H. Skott)	The Future-Like-Ours Argument, Personal Identity, and the Twinning Dilemma	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Burkeman (Oliver)	Revolution in Evolution	Paper		Yes
Cameron (Nigel M. de S.)	Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate	Book
Camosy (Charles)	Concern for our vulnerable prenatal and neonatal children: a brief reply to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper
Carter (William)	Do Zygotes Become People?	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Carter (William)	Once and Future Persons	Paper
Conway Morris (Simon)	Darwin’s Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation	Paper		Yes
Corcoran (Kevin)	Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul	Book	2, 3
Corcoran (Kevin)	The Stem Cell Challenge	Paper
Crull (Elise)	You thought quantum mechanics was weird: check out entangled time	Paper		Yes
Davis (Michael)	Fetuses, Famous Violinists, and the Right to Continued Aid	Paper	2, 3
DeGrazia (David)	Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Engelhardt (H. Tristram)	The Ontology of Abortion	Paper	2, 3, 4
English (Jane)	Abortion and the Concept of a Person	Paper	2
Feinberg (Joel)	Abortion	Paper
Feldman (Fred)	Abortion and the Failure to Conceive	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14	Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Why Killing Is Wrong	Paper		Yes
Finn (Suki)	Bun or bump?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Yes
Flower (Michael J.)	Neuromaturation and the Moral Status of Human Fetal Life	Paper	2
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Forrester (Mary)	Problems and Persons: Preface	Paper
Forrester (Mary)	Problems and Persons: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Forrester (Mary)	Should Fetuses be Extended Persons?	Paper	2, 3, 4
Forrester (Mary)	The Central Feature of Personhood	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Forrester (Mary)	The Human Fetus: Introduction	Paper
Forrester (Mary)	What Makes an Individual a Person: Summary	Paper
Francescotti (Robert)	Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity	Paper		Yes
Francescotti (Robert)	Psychological Continuity and the Necessity of Identity	Paper
Frohlich (Joel)	When does the first spark of human consciousness ignite?	Paper		Yes
Gallagher (Shaun)	The Moral Significance of Primitive Self-Consciousness: A Response to Bermudez	Paper	2, 3
Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca)	After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?	Paper	2
Gray (Peter)	Mechanisms of Motivation and Emotion	Paper
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Book
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Hall (Timothy)	Abortion, the Right to Life, and Dependence	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Hershenov (David)	Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Explaining the Psychological Appeal of Viability as a Cutoff Point	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Olson's Embryo Problem	Paper	2, 3
Hershenov (David)	Perdure and Murder	Paper
Hershenov (David)	The Memory Criterion and the Problem of Backward Causation	Paper
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Morally Relevant Potential	Paper
Hudson (Hud)	A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person	Book
Hull (David L.) & Ruse (Michael), Eds.	The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology	Book
Kamm (F.M.)	Acquisition of Organs	Paper
Kazez (Jean)	Life Doesn't Begin at Conception	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn)	BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Koch (Christof)	When Does Consciousness Arise in Human Babies?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16	Yes
Kolb (Charles E.M.)	The Proposed Human Life Statute: Abortion as Murder	Paper
Larkin (William S.)	Persons, Animals, and Bodies	Paper	2, 3, 4
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18	Yes
Mackie (David)	Personal Identity and Dead People	Paper		Yes
Manninen (Bertha Alvarez)	Yes, the baby should live: a pro-choice response to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper	2
Markosian (Ned)	Identifying the Problem of Personal Identity	Paper
Marquis (Don)	Why Abortion is Immoral	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
McInerney (Peter K.)	Does a Fetus Already Have a Future-Like-Ours	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
McMahan (Jeff)	Beginnings	Paper	2
McMahan (Jeff)	Death	Paper	2
McMahan (Jeff)	Killing	Paper
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Preface	Paper
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book	2
Narayanan (Darshana)	Baby talk	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Is Psychology Relevant To Personal Identity?	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Is there a Bodily Criterion of Personal Identity	Paper
Olson (Eric)	Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Persistence	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Reply to Lynne Rudder Baker	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Review of Tye's 'Consciousness and Persons - Unity and Identity'	Paper
Olson (Eric)	The Human Animal: Introduction	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	The Human Animal: References	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Was I Ever a Fetus?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Was I Ever a Fetus? (Human Animal)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Was I Ever a Fetus? ('New Version')	Paper	2, 3, 4
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper	2	Yes
Page (Edgar)	Neonates, Persons and the Right to Life	Paper
Perry (John), Ed.	Personal Identity	Book		Yes
Persson (Ingmar)	Harming the Non-conscious	Paper	2, 3
Quinn (Warren S.)	Abortion: Identity and Loss	Paper
Rini (Regina)	Abortion, Ultrasound, and Moral Persuasion	Paper
Rodger (Daniel), Blackshaw (Bruce P.) & Wilcox (Clinton)	Why arguments against infanticide remain convincing	Paper		Yes
Scott (Rosamund)	The Pregnant Woman and the Good Samaritan: Can a Woman have a Duty to Undergo a Caesarean Section?	Paper	2, 3, 4
Shapiro (Michael)	The Identity of Identity: Moral and Legal Aspects of Technological Self-Transformation	Paper
Shoemaker (David)	Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics - Conclusion: Notes on Method	Paper		Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics - Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Book
Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit)	Sixteen Days	Paper
Stone (Jim)	Why Potentiality Matters	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Swinburne (Richard)	The Origin and Life of the Soul	Paper
Thomas (Janice L.)	Plato's Phaedo	Paper		Yes
Thomson (Judith Jarvis)	A Defense of Abortion	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Abortion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism - Objections	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Connectedness vs Continuity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Constitution View - Objections	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Embryo	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Fusion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Metamorphosis	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Olson	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Pregnancy	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Twinning	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Zygote	Paper	2	Yes
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion	Paper	2, 3, 4
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Book
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Paper
Vatican	Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: Replies to Certain Questions of the Day	Paper
Velleman (David)	Beyond Price: Essays on Life and Death - Introduction	Paper		Yes
Wilkes (Kathleen)	Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments	Book		Yes
Wilkes (Kathleen)	Real People: Preface	Paper		Yes
Wreen (Michael J.)	The Standing is Slippery	Paper	2

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Alexander (Denis)	Science and Christian Belief 06.1 (April 1994)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Alexander (Denis) - Science and Christian Belief 06.1 (April 1994)	No
Alexander (Denis)	Science and Christian Belief 08.1 (April 1996)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Alexander (Denis) - Science and Christian Belief 08.1 (April 1996)	No
Alexander (Denis)	Science and Christian Belief 10.1 (April 1998)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Alexander (Denis) - Science and Christian Belief 10.1 (April 1998)	No
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Embryos and Final Causes	Paper - Cited	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Were You a Zygote?	Paper - By Subtopic	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds.	Human Life, Action and Ethics	Book - Cited	Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds. - Human Life, Action and Ethics	10%
Archard (David)	Procreating	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 14	8%
Archard (David)	Wrongful Life	Paper - Cited	Philosophy - 79, Jul2004, Issue 309, p403-420, 18p	No
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons	Paper - Cited	Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 8, pp. 191-212	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	What Am I?	Paper - Cited	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Mar99, Vol. 59 Issue 1, p151, 9p;	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Cited	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baron (Teresa)	A lost cause? Fundamental problems for causal theories of parenthood	Paper - By Subtopic	Bioethics. 2020; 00: 1– 7	33%
Baron (Teresa)	Nobody puts Baby in the container: the foetal container model at work in medicine and commercial surrogacy	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Applied Philosophy, 36 (3), July 2019, 491-505	25%
Beckwith (Francis J.)	Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin's A Defense of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Apr. 2006, 31.2, pp. 177-203	No
Bermudez (Jose Luis)	The Moral Significance of Birth	Paper - By Subtopic	Ethics, 106, No. 2, Jan., 1996, pp. 378-403	7%
Brill (H. Skott)	The Future-Like-Ours Argument, Personal Identity, and the Twinning Dilemma	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Theory & Practice, Jul2003, Vol. 29 Issue 3, p419-430, 12p;	No
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	4%
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue	Paper - Cited	Brody - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View, 1975, Epilogue	Yes
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction	Paper - Cited	Brody - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View, 1975, Introduction	Yes
Brueckner (Anthony) & Fischer (John Martin)	Being Born Earlier	Paper - By Subtopic	Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76, Number 1, March 1998, pp. 110-114(5) Vol. 76, No 1, pp. 110-114; March 1998	No
Brueckner (Anthony) & Fischer (John Martin)	The Asymmetry of Early Death and Late Birth	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies 71, 1993, pp. 327-331	No
Chambers (K. Lindsey)	It’s Complicated: What Our Attitudes toward Pregnancy, Abortion, and Miscarriage Tell Us about the Moral Status of Early Fetuses	Paper - By Subtopic	Canadian Journal of Philosophy (2020), 50: 8, 950–965	7%
Chisholm (Roderick)	Coming Into Being and Passing Away: Can the Metaphysician Help?	Paper - By Subtopic	Chisholm - On Metaphysics, 1989, Chapter 6	No
Chisholm (Roderick)	On Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Chisholm (Roderick) - On Metaphysics	10%
Cohnitz (Daniel) & Smith (Barry)	Assessing Ontologies: The Question of Human Origins and Its Ethical Significance	Paper - By Subtopic	E. Runggaldier and C. Kanzian (eds.), Persons – An Interdisciplinary Approach, Vienna, 2003, 243–59	11%
Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter)	Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Apr. 2006, 31.2, pp. 165-175	22%
Diamond (James J.)	Abortion, Animation, and Biological Hominization	Paper - By Subtopic	Theological Studies 1975 Jun;36(2):305-24.	No
Engelhardt (H. Tristram)	The Ontology of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Ethics, 84, No. 3, Apr., 1974, pp. 217-234	No
English (Jane)	Abortion and the Concept of a Person	Paper - By Subtopic	Canadian Journal of Philosophy, V, Oct. 1975, pp. 233-243	No
Feldman (Fred)	Abortion and the Failure to Conceive	Paper - By Subtopic	Feldman - Confrontations with the Reaper, Chapter 12	Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Feldman (Fred) - Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death	Yes
Finn (Suki)	Bun or bump?	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 27 July, 2017	Yes
Finn (Suki)	Methodology for the metaphysics of pregnancy	Paper - By Subtopic	European Journal for Philosophy of Science, Volume 11, article number 69, (2021)	22%
Finn (Suki)	The Metaphysics of Surrogacy	Paper - By Subtopic	Boonin, David (ed.) The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Public Policy. Springer, pp. 649-659	22%
Flower (Michael J.)	Neuromaturation and the Moral Status of Human Fetal Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1985 Aug;10(3):237-51	No
Forrester (Mary)	Abortion: Objections and Policies	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 15	No
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics	4%
Forrester (Mary)	Should Fetuses be Extended Persons?	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 14	No
Forrester (Mary)	The Human Fetus: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 13	No
Forrester (Mary)	When Should We Bring New People Into the World?	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 12	No
Forrester (Mary)	Who Ought to Get Moral Consideration?	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 6	No
Francescotti (Robert)	Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Explorations, Mar2005, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p69-81, 13p	Yes
Geddes (Alexander)	Pregnancy, Parthood and Proper Overlap	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Quarterly 73 (2):476-491 (2023)	Yes
Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso)	Sortals and Human Beginnings	Paper - By Subtopic	Medicine and Metaphysics Conference, University of Buffalo, November, 2004	5%
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Book - By Subtopic	Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	2%
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper - By Subtopic	Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	4%
Grose (Jonathan)	How many organisms during a pregnancy?	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science, 87.5 (December 2020), pp. 1049-1060	17%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: C-F	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	51%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	100%
Hare (R.M.)	Abortion and the Golden Rule	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 3, Spring, 1975, pp. 201-222	No
Hershenov (David)	Abortions and Distortions: An Analysis of Morally Irrelevant Factors in Thomson's Violinist Thought Experiment	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Theory & Practice, Jan2001, Vol. 27 Issue 1, p129-148, 20p	No
Howsepian (Avak Albert)	Four queries concerning the metaphysics of early human embryogenesis	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 2008 Apr;33(2):140-57	13%
Howsepian (Avak Albert)	Lockwood on human identity and the primitive streak	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb., 1997), pp. 38-41	17%
Jones (D. Gareth)	Infanticide: an Ethical Battlefield	Paper - By Subtopic	Alexander (Denis) - Science and Christian Belief 10.1 (April 1998)	No
Jones (D. Gareth)	The Human Embryo: Between Oblivion and Meaningful Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Alexander (Denis) - Science and Christian Belief 6.1 (April 1994)	No
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Book - Cited	Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Paper - By Subtopic	Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Yes
Kenny (Anthony)	Life Stories: When an individual life begins - and the ethics of ending it	Paper - By Subtopic	Times Literary Supplement, 2007	No
Kingma (Elselijn)	Biological Individuality, Pregnancy, and (Mammalian) Reproduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science, 87.5 (December 2020), pp. 1037–1048	17%
Kingma (Elselijn)	BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy	Paper - By Subtopic	BUMP Website	56%
Kingma (Elselijn)	BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1)	Paper - By Subtopic	Southampton University Website	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn)	BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B2)	Paper - By Subtopic	Southampton University Website	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn)	Functions and health at the interface of biology and technology	Paper - By Subtopic	Noûs, 54 (1), 182-203 (2020)	11%
Kingma (Elselijn)	Lady Parts: The Metaphysics of Pregnancy	Paper - By Subtopic	Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, Volume 82 (Metaphysics) - July 2018, pp. 165-187	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn)	Nine months	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. (In Press; 18 November 2018)	6%
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, Volume 128, Issue 511, July 2019, Pages 609–646	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn) & Finn (Suki)	Neonatal Incubator or Artificial Womb? Distinguishing Ectogestation and Ectogenesis using the Metaphysics of Pregnancy	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Quarterly 73 (2):476-491 (2023)	13%
Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Totipotency, Twinning, and Ensoulment at Fertilization	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Apr. 2006, 31.2, pp. 139-164	No
Koritansky (Peter)	The Role of Philosophy in the Contemporary Abortion Debate.	Paper - By Subtopic	Christian Bioethics, Jan-Apr2004, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p63-67, 5p	No
Lee (Patrick)	A Christian Philosopher’s View of Recent Directions in the Abortion Debate	Paper - By Subtopic	Christian Bioethics, Jan-Apr2004, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p7-31, 25p	No
Little (Margaret Olivia)	Abortion, Intimacy, and the Duty to Gestate	Paper - By Subtopic	Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 295-312	7%
Luper (Steven), Ed.	The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Luper (Steven), Ed. - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death	5%
Lyerly (Anne Drapkin), Little (Margaret Olivia), Etc.	Risk and the pregnant body	Paper - By Subtopic	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 39, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 2009), pp. 34-42	11%
Marquis (Don)	Why Abortion is Immoral	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 86, No. 4, Apr., 1989, pp. 183-202	No
McInerney (Peter K.)	Does a Fetus Already Have a Future-Like-Ours	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy 87.5, May 1990, pp. 264-268	No
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	One or two? A Process View of pregnancy	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies Volume 179, pages 1495–1521, (2022)	8%
Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott)	Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics	11%
Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott)	The Moral & Metaphysical Status of the Unborn: Abortion and Fetal Research	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland & Rae - Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics, Chapter 7	No
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book - By Subtopic	Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	2%
Narayanan (Darshana)	Baby talk	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 25 July 2024	Yes
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed.	Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Metaphysics	8%
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed.	Philosophy - 79/309 (July 2004)	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	24%
Page (Edgar)	Neonates, Persons and the Right to Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 1988-9; pp. 165-178	No
Pruss (Alexander R.)	I Was Once a Fetus: That Is Why Abortion is Wrong	Paper - By Subtopic	D. Bonevac (Ed.), Today's Moral Issues: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives (7 ed., pp. 342-349): McGraw-Hill	17%
Rini (Regina)	Abortion, Ultrasound, and Moral Persuasion	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophers' Imprint, Vol. 18, No. 6, April 2018, pp. 1-20	11%
Shoemaker (David)	Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Theory & Practice, Jan2005, Vol. 31 Issue 1, p51-75, 25p	Yes
Sidzinska (Maja)	Not One, Not Two: Toward an Ontology of Pregnancy	Paper - By Subtopic	Feminist Philosophy Quarterly 3, (4). Article 2. 2017	5%
Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit)	Sixteen Days	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Feb. 2003, 28.1, pp. 45-78	7%
Sterba (James P.)	Abortion, Distant Peoples, and Future Generations	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy 77, No. 7, Jul., 1980, pp. 424-440	No
Stone (Jim)	Why Potentiality Matters	Paper - By Subtopic	Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Dec., 1987), pp. 815-829	No
Tacelli (Ronald)	Were You a Zygote?	Paper - By Subtopic	Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia , T. 62, Fasc. 2/4, Entre Razão e Revelação: A'Lógica' da Dimensão Semíta na Filosofia / Between Reason and Revelation: The 'Logic' of the Semitic Dimension in Philosophy (Apr. - Dec., 2006), pp. 889-899	11%
Thomson (Judith Jarvis)	A Defense of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1, Autumn, 1971, pp. 47-66	17%
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Fetuses	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Pregnancy	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tollefsen (Christopher)	Animalism and the Unborn Human Being	Paper - By Subtopic	Medicine and Metaphysics Conference, University of Buffalo, November, 2004	13%
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 15	6%
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 1, Autumn, 1972, pp. 37-65	No
Vehmas (Simo)	Is it Wrong to Deliberately Conceive or Give Birth to a Child with Mental Retardation?	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Feb. 2002, 27.1, pp. 47-63	No
Verny (Thomas), Kelly (John)	The Secret Life of the Unborn Child	Book - By Subtopic	Verny (Thomas), Kelly (John) - The Secret Life of the Unborn Child	No
Warren (Mary Anne)	Do Potential People Have Moral Rights?	Paper - By Subtopic	Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Jun., 1977), pp. 275-289	No
Warren (Mary Anne)	On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Monist, 57 (1973), pp. 43-61	No
Wikipedia	Blastocyst	Paper - By Subtopic	Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 May 2023	No
Wikipedia	Embryo	Paper - Cited	Wikipedia; Extract taken 19 March 2023	17%
Wikipedia	Fetus	Paper - Cited	Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 March 2023	17%
Wikipedia	Pre-embryo	Paper - By Subtopic	Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 May 2023	No
Wikipedia	Zygote	Paper - By Subtopic	Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 May 2023	No
Wilkes (Kathleen)	Infants and Foetuses	Paper - By Subtopic	Wilkes - Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments, Chapter 2	Yes
Wilkes (Kathleen)	Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Wilkes (Kathleen) - Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments	Yes
Woollard (Fiona)	Mother Knows Best: Pregnancy, Applied Ethics, and Epistemically Transformative Experiences	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 38, No. 1, February 2021	13%
Woollard (Fiona)	Philosophy can explain what kind of achievement it is to give birth	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 18 August 2020	Yes
Wyatt (John)	Ethical Issues in the Application of Medical Technology to Paediatric Intensive Care: Two Views of the Newborn	Paper - By Subtopic	Alexander (Denis) - Science and Christian Belief 8.1 (April 1996)	No

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