Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Human Beings

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. At first sight, it seems both obvious and uninformative to claim that we are human beings. However, things are not that simple.
  2. Firstly, is there is a difference – real or formal – between human beings and
     1. Human animals²,
     2. Members of the species homo sapiens³ and
     3. Human organisms⁴?
  3. I assume there’s a distinction between a human being and a human person⁵, as “person⁶” is an honorific and – I claim – human persons are phase sortals⁷ of human animals.
  4. For the primary argument proposing that “we” are human beings, see the work of Mark Johnston.
  5. Johnston’s view is that human beings are constituted by⁸ human bodies⁹. I have two comments on this:-
     1. This superficially sounds like Baker¹⁰’s Constitution View¹¹. However, Johnston doesn’t think the human person is separable from the human brain/body as in the case of Baker’s reified FPP¹².
     2. Despite this, Johnston doesn’t think that we are (identical to) human animals.
  6. Johnston tries to tread a middle course between animalism¹³ and the psychological view¹⁴.
     1. He wants to be a naturalist – accepting the modern scientific world-picture and rejecting dualism¹⁵.
     2. However, because he thinks that what matters¹⁶ to us is our mental life, he considers us to be a locus of mental life.
     3. But, this locus is not “inchoate” or “bare” but has to be provided by our organ of mentation – namely the brain¹⁷.
     4. Where he differs from the animalists¹⁸ is in his response to the brain transplant intuition¹⁹ (BTI).
  7. So, for Johnston, a human being is – for usual practical purposes – a human organism, but is only “constituted” by one – it is not identical to one, for two reasons:-
     1. He – along with most people – accepts the BTI, so he thinks you can be “pared down” to a “mere brain” and then transplanted into another human body. That human being would then be you. Also, like Olson²⁰, he doesn’t think “mere brains” are organisms²¹; but – unlike Olson – he doesn’t consider the human brain to be “just another organ”.
     2. Further, he thinks a human being is necessarily capable of appropriate mental activity. So, in the case of you falling into a PVS²², you – the human being – could be outlived by your human animal.
  8. Thus – for Johnston – “human being” is a rather odd concept: it is a locus of mentation, naturally embodied and not portable other than by transplanting the organ of mentation. The brain isn’t a mere organ, but – if transplanted or a BIV²³ – a maximally mutilated human being.
  9. At the moment, I still incline towards animalism – that we are human animals; and that we can survive total and irrevocable loss of mentation, though in the process we also lose all that matters to us.
  10. Also, I think that there’s only a difference of emphasis or terminology between “human being”, “human animal” and “human organism”.
  11. This (probably) commits me to arguing that a disembodied human brain is a maximally-mutilated human animal.

• ---

  Further Remarks:
  1. This Note investigates what it is to be a Human Being, but is – maybe – somewhat side-lined by a rather eccentric understanding due to Mark Johnston, in particular as detailed in:-
     1. "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings",
     2. "Johnston (Mark) - Reasons and Reductionism", and
     3. "Johnston (Mark) - 'Human Beings' Revisited: My Body is Not an Animal".
  2. In the reading-lists below, I’ve included some items on “Human Nature”, including Christian takes on the matter, though I don’t want to get too diverted into matters of anthropology and evolutionary²⁴ psychology.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note²⁵, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read
  2. "Johnston (Mark) - 'Human Beings' Revisited: My Body is Not an Animal", 2007, Read = 78%
  3. "Johnston (Mark) - Reasons and Reductionism", 1992, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
• For a Page of Links²⁶ to this Note, Click here. Far too many to be useful at this stage.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read²⁷, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Challenger (Melanie) - The joy of being animal", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • General:
    1. "Ball (Philip) - How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life", 2020, Book
    2. "Becker (Lawrence) - Human Being: The Boundaries of the Concept", 1975, Annotations
    3. "Challenger (Melanie) - How to Be Animal: A New History of What it Means to Be Human", 2021, Book
    4. "Gillett (Grant) - Young Human Beings: Metaphysics and Ethics", 1997
    5. "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note²⁸, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Madden (Rory) - Human Persistence", 2016, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Madden (Rory) - The Place of The Self in Contemporary Metaphysics", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Oderberg (David) - Johnston on Human Beings", 1989, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Olson (Eric) - Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach", 1999
    10. "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons, Animals, Ourselves: Introduction", 2014
    11. "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", 2009, Write-Up Note²⁹
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Adams (E.M.) - On Being a Human Being", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    2. "Alland (Alexander) - To Be Human: An Introduction to Anthropology", 1980, Book
    3. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Human Essence", 1988, No Abstract
    4. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - The Dignity of the Human Being", 2005, No Abstract
    5. "Cockburn (David), Ed. - Human Beings", 1991, Book, Read = 7%, Footnote₃₀
    6. "Cooper (John) - Body, Soul and Life Everlasting: Biblical Anthropology and the Monism-dualism Debate", 2000, Book, Read = 23%
    7. "Corcoran (Kevin) - Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul", 2006, Book, Read = 13%
    8. "Dupre (John) - On Human Nature", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Egonsson (Dan) - Dimensions of Dignity: The Moral Importance of Being Human", 1998, Book, Read = 2%
    10. "Engelland (Chad) - Heidegger and the Human Difference", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    11. "Gabbani (Carlo), Ed. - Between Two Images: The Manifest and Scientific Conceptions of the Human Being, 50 Years On", 2012, Book
    12. "Graham (Gordon) - Review of David Cockburn's 'Human Beings'", 1992, Internal PDF Link
    13. "Green (Joel B.) - Restoring the Human Person: New Testament Voices for a Wholistic and Social Anthropology", 2000, External Link
    14. "Grunwald (Armin), Gutmann (Matthias) & Neumann-Held (Eva M.), Eds. - On Human Nature: Anthropological, Biological, and Philosophical Foundations", 2002, Book
    15. "Heyd (David) - Human Nature: An Oxymoron?", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Johnston (Mark) - 'Human Beings' Revisited: My Body is Not an Animal", 2007, Read = 78%
    17. "Johnston (Mark) - Reasons and Reductionism", 1992, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    18. "Liu (Irene) - Elevating Human Being: Towards a New Sort of Naturalism", 2017, Internal PDF Link
    19. "McCall (Catherine) - The Nature of Persons, Selves, and Human Beings", 1990
    20. "Niebuhr (Reinhold) - The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation", 1939/1948, Book
    21. "Parfit (Derek) - We Are Not Human Beings", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 38%
    22. "Post (John F.) - Metaphysics and Human Being", 1991
    23. "Robinson (Denis) - Human Beings, Human Animals, and Mentalistic Survival", 2007, Read = 33%
    24. "Williams (Bernard) - The Human Prejudice", 1985, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    25. "Wolgast (Elizabeth) - Personal Identity", 1999, Internal PDF Link

  ---

• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder³¹.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 30:

• I’ve not listed the essays appearing in this collection.

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Table of the Previous 9 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	6029	Human Beings
11/04/2022 00:01:26	5659	Human Beings
12/02/2021 15:44:38	4995	Human Beings
26/09/2020 19:58:05	4213	Human Beings
27/02/2018 23:58:34	5426	Human Beings
05/04/2016 23:19:41	3060	Human Beings
18/12/2010 19:58:05	227	Human Beings
26/11/2007 23:25:26	215	Human Beings
12/08/2007 10:17:46	80	Human Beings

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Human Beings	Animalism

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalism	Animalists	Animals	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Baker
Body	Brain	Brain Transplants	Brains in Vats	Constitution
Constitution View	Dualism	Evolution	First-Person Perspective	Homo Sapiens
Human Persons	Johnston - Human Beings	Note Links Explanation	Olson	Organisms
Persistent Vegetative State	Person	Phase Sortals	Plug Note Apologia	Psychological View
Snowdon - The Self and Personal Identity	What Matters	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Aeon Papers, 2	Animalism	Animals	Artifacts, 2	Baker - Persons in the Material World
Baker - Review - Olson - What Are We?	Biological Criterion	Brain Criterion, 2	Brain Death	Brain State Transfer
Buddhism	Clinical Observations, 2	Commissurotomy	Consciousness	Constitution View - Objections
Counting Persons	Cyborgs	Death	Degrees of Personhood	Dracula
Embryo	First-Person Perspective	Forensic Property, 2	Genetics	Human Animals
Human Persons, 2	Individual	Johnston - Human Beings, 2	Language of Thought	Locke
Makropulos Case	Metamorphosis	Methuselah	Multiple Personality Disorder	Non-Human Persons
Noonan - Persons and Bodies - Response, 2, 3, 4	Olson - What Are We? The Question, 2, 3	Ontology	Persistent Vegetative State	Person, 2
Phase Sortals	Physicalism	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5	Psychological Continuity - Forward, 2	Psychological View
Relative Identity	Semantics	Sortals	Strawson - Why I Have No Future	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction), 2, 3, 4, 5
Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2, 3, 4	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism), 2	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection), 2, 3	Thesis - Current Stance
Transhumanism	Unity of the Person	Wantons	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	What are We?
Zygote

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke on Living Things	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper		Yes
Claxton (Guy)	Intelligence in the Flesh: Why Your Mind Needs Your Body Much More Than it Thinks	Book
Cottingham (John)	Why we are not 'persons'	Paper		Yes
Dainton (Barry)	Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue	Paper		Yes
DeGrazia (David)	Human Persons: Numerical Identity and Essence	Paper
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper	2	Yes
Johnston (Mark)	Human Beings	Paper	2	Yes
Kagan (Shelly)	How to Count Animals, more or less	Paper
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper		Yes
Noonan (Harold)	Arguments Against Animalism: Comments on L.R.Baker 'Persons & Bodies'	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Psychology and Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach	Paper		Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics - Conclusion: Notes on Method	Paper		Yes
Snowdon (Paul)	Persons, Animals, Ourselves: Introduction	Paper		Yes
Snowdon (Paul)	The Self and Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Strawson (Galen)	Why I Have No Future	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animals	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Artifacts	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Biological Criterion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Criterion	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Death	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain State Transfer	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Buddhism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Clinical Observations	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Commissurotomy	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Consciousness	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Constitution View - Objections	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Counting Persons	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Cyborgs	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Death	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Degrees of Personhood	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dracula	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Embryo	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - First-Person Perspective	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Forensic Property	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Genetics	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Human Animals	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Human Persons	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Individual	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Language of Thought	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Locke	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Makropulos Case	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Metamorphosis	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Methuselah	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Multiple Personality Disorder	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Non-Human Persons	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Ontology	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Persistent Vegetative State	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Person	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Phase Sortals	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Physicalism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Psychological Continuity - Forward	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Psychological View	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Relative Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Semantics	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Sortals	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Transhumanism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Unity of the Person	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Wantons	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - What Are We?	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Zygote	Paper		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Materialism and the Psychological-continuity Account of Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Personal Identity Naturalized: Our Bodies, Our Selves	Paper		Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Adams (E.M.)	On Being a Human Being	Paper - Cited	The Pluralist, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring 2007), pp. 1-15	17%
Alland (Alexander)	To Be Human: An Introduction to Anthropology	Book - Cited	Alland (Alexander) - To Be Human: An Introduction to Anthropology	No
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Analytical Philosophy and the Spirituality of Man	Paper - By Subtopic	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	No
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Human Essence	Paper - By Subtopic	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	No
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Knowledge and Reverence for Human Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	No
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	The Dignity of the Human Being	Paper - By Subtopic	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	No
Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds.	Human Life, Action and Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds. - Human Life, Action and Ethics	10%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper - Referencing	Mind, 117:1120-1122, 2008	Yes
Ball (Philip)	How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life	Book - Cited	Ball (Philip) - How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life	Yes
Ball (Philip)	How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Ball (Philip) - How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life	Yes
Bambrough (Renford), Ed.	Philosophy - 67/262 (October 1992)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Bambrough (Renford), Ed. - Philosophy - 67/262 (October 1992)	No
Barkow (Jerome), Cosmides (Leda) & Tooby (John), Eds.	The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture	Book - By Subtopic	Barkow (Jerome), Cosmides (Leda) & Tooby (John), Eds. - The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture	1%
Becker (Lawrence)	Human Being: The Boundaries of the Concept	Paper - Cited	Philosophy and Public Affairs, 4.4 (Summer 1975), 334-359	Yes
Belshaw (Christopher)	Review of 'Persons, Humanity, and the Definition of Death' by John Lizza	Paper - By Subtopic	The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 230, Special Issue: Existence and Identity (Jan., 2008), pp. 188-190	No
Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds.	Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds. - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity	22%
Bloom (Paul)	Descartes' Baby: How Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human	Book - By Subtopic	Bloom (Paul) - Descartes' Baby: How Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human	0%
Carrithers (Michael), Collins (Steven) & Lukes (Steven)	The Category of the Person: Anthropology, philosophy, history	Book - By Subtopic	Carrithers (Michael), Collins (Steven) & Lukes (Steven) - The Category of the Person: Anthropology, philosophy, history	No
Challenger (Melanie)	How to Be Animal: A New History of What it Means to Be Human	Book - By Subtopic	Challenger (Melanie) - How to Be Animal: A New History of What it Means to Be Human	Yes
Challenger (Melanie)	How to Be Animal: A New History of What it Means to Be Human	Paper - By Subtopic	Challenger (Melanie) - How to Be Animal: A New History of What it Means to Be Human	Yes
Challenger (Melanie)	The joy of being animal	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 06 April 2021	Yes
Cherry (Christopher)	Machines as Persons?	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
Clark (Stephen)	How Many Selves Make Me?	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
Cockburn (David)	Language, Belief and Human Beings	Paper - By Subtopic	Birkbeck Philosophy Society, 23rd April 2002	No
Cockburn (David), Ed.	Human Beings	Book - By Subtopic	Cockburn (David), Ed. - Human Beings	7%
Corcoran (Kevin)	Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul	Book - Referenced	Corcoran (Kevin) - Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul	13%
Diamond (Cora)	Response to McNaughton (On The Importance of Being Human)	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
Diamond (Cora)	The Importance of Being Human	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
Douglas (Mary)	Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology	Book - By Subtopic	Douglas (Mary) - Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology	No
Dupre (John)	On Human Nature	Paper - By Subtopic	Human Affairs, 2003	No
Egonsson (Dan)	Dimensions of Dignity: The Moral Importance of Being Human	Book - By Subtopic	Egonsson (Dan) - Dimensions of Dignity: The Moral Importance of Being Human	2%
Egonsson (Dan)	Dimensions of Dignity: The Moral Importance of Being Human	Paper - By Subtopic	Egonsson (Dan) - Dimensions of Dignity: The Moral Importance of Being Human	2%
Engelland (Chad)	Heidegger and the Human Difference	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of the American Philosophical Association (2015) pp. 175-193	6%
Ford (Norman)	When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science	Book - By Subtopic	Ford (Norman) - When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science	3%
Gabbani (Carlo), Ed.	Between Two Images: The Manifest and Scientific Conceptions of the Human Being, 50 Years On	Book - By Subtopic	Gabbani (Carlo), Ed. - Between Two Images: The Manifest and Scientific Conceptions of the Human Being, 50 Years On	0%
Gabbani (Carlo), Ed.	Between Two Images: The Manifest and Scientific Conceptions of the Human Being, 50 Years On	Paper - By Subtopic	Gabbani (Carlo) - Between Two Images: The Manifest and Scientific Conceptions of the Human Being, 50 Years On	1%
Gillett (Grant)	Young Human Beings: Metaphysics and Ethics	Paper - By Subtopic	Oderberg & Laing - Human lives : critical essays on consequentialist bioethics, 1997	Yes
Graham (Gordon)	Review of David Cockburn's 'Human Beings'	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy - 67/262 (October 1992)	No
Grunwald (Armin), Gutmann (Matthias) & Neumann-Held (Eva M.), Eds.	On Human Nature: Anthropological, Biological, and Philosophical Foundations	Book - By Subtopic	Grunwald (Armin), Gutmann (Matthias) & Neumann-Held (Eva M.), Eds. - On Human Nature: Anthropological, Biological, and Philosophical Foundations	No
Grunwald (Armin), Gutmann (Matthias) & Neumann-Held (Eva M.), Eds.	On Human Nature: Anthropological, Biological, and Philosophical Foundations	Paper - By Subtopic	Grunwald (Armin), Gutmann (Mathias), Neumann-Held (Eva M.), Eds. - On Human Nature: Anthropological, Biological, and Philosophical Foundations	No
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: C-F	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	51%
Hanfling (Oswald)	Machines as Persons?	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
Heyd (David)	Human Nature: An Oxymoron?	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Apr. 2003, 28.2, pp. 151-169	No
Johnston (Mark)	Human Beings	Paper - Cited	Journal of Philosophy, Volume 84, Issue 2 (Feb 1987), 59-83	Yes
Johnston (Mark)	'Human Beings' Revisited: My Body is Not an Animal	Paper - Cited	Zimmerman (Dean), Ed. - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3	78%
Johnston (Mark)	Reasons and Reductionism	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Review, July 1992; 101(3): 589-618	8%
Lear (Jonathan)	Aristotle - The Desire to Understand	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Lear (Jonathan) - Aristotle - The Desire to Understand	10%
Lear (Jonathan)	Man's Nature	Paper - By Subtopic	Lear - Aristotle - The Desire to Understand, 1988	13%
Liu (Irene)	Elevating Human Being: Towards a New Sort of Naturalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy, Vol. 97, 2017, pp. 597 - 622	No
Lowe (E.J.)	Real Selves: Persons as a Substantial Kind	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
Madden (Rory)	Human Persistence	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophers’ Imprint, Vol. 16, No. 17, September 2016	Yes
Madden (Rory)	The Place of The Self in Contemporary Metaphysics	Paper - By Subtopic	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Mind, Self and Person, 2015	Yes
Madell (Geoffrey)	Personal Identity and the Idea of a Human Being	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
McNaughton (David)	Response to Diamond (On The Importance of Being Human)	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
McNaughton (David)	The Importance of Being Human	Paper - By Subtopic	Cockburn - Human Beings	No
Niebuhr (Reinhold)	The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation	Book - By Subtopic	Niebuhr (Reinhold) - The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation	No
Oderberg (David)	Johnston on Human Beings	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy, 86.3, Mar., 1989, pp. 137-141	Yes
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed.	Mind, Self and Person	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Mind, Self and Person	35%
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	99%
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Parfit (Derek)	We Are Not Human Beings	Paper - By Subtopic	Blatti & Snowdon - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity, 2016: Part I, Chapter 2, pp. 31-49	38%
Post (John F.)	Metaphysics and Human Being	Paper - By Subtopic	Post (John F.) - Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction, Chapter 6	No
Post (John F.)	Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Post (John F.) - Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction	3%
Robinson (Denis)	Human Beings, Human Animals, and Mentalistic Survival	Paper - By Subtopic	Zimmerman (Dean), Ed. - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3	33%
Todman (Theo)	Birkbeck Philosophy Society - 2001/2002 Programme	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Todman (Theo) - Birkbeck Philosophy Society - 2001/2002 Programme	2%
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Human Beings	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa) & Zalewski (Zbigniew), Eds.	Life: The Human Being between Life and Death	Book - Referenced	Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa) & Zalewski (Zbigniew), Eds. - Life: The Human Being between Life and Death	No
Vannelli (Ron)	Evolutionary Theory and Human Nature	Book - By Subtopic	Vannelli (Ron) - Evolutionary Theory and Human Nature	No
Wolgast (Elizabeth)	Personal Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Investigations, Oct99, Vol. 22 Issue 4, p297, 15p;	No
Young (J.Z.)	An Introduction to the Study of Man	Book - By Subtopic	Young (J.Z.) - An Introduction to the Study of Man	No
Zimmerman (Dean), Ed.	Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Zimmerman (Dean), Ed. - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3	10%
Zimmerman (Dean), Ed.	Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	10%

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1. Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2023

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