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Personal Identity

Wiggins

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. I’m also much indebted to David Wiggins’s concept of a Phase(d) Sortal² and his work on Continuity³ and Substance⁴.
  2. However, ostensibly these jottings appear here in the discussion because Wiggins is often taken to be an Animalist⁵. However, this is disputed, and I hope to be able to resolve the issue. It might ultimately be best to consider Wiggins under one of the above heads instead.
  3. In various works, Wiggins documents the development of his thoughts on Continuity⁶, most recently (2016) in "Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity: Introduction".
  4. As far as I know, Wiggins’s latest statement of his thoughts on Identity, Individuation and Substance is "Wiggins (David) - Identity, Individuation, and Substance", originally published in 2012, but “much revised” for "Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity".
  5. Subject to the above, I believe "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity" in "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance Renewed" (SSR) to be Wiggins’s latest word on Personal Identity, carrying on the work in "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)", in response to "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons and Personal Identity".
  6. In turn, these responded to, or build on, "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity (S&S)" in "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance" (S&S), which is completely superseded by the corresponding chapter in SSR.
  7. S&S is itself built on "Wiggins (David) - Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity".
  8. In "Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.) - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins", Wiggins himself acknowledges indebtedness to:-
     → "Williamson (Timothy) - The Necessity and Determinacy of Distinctness", and
     → "Noonan (Harold) - Absolute and Relative Identity"
     in addition to the piece by Paul Snowdon mentioned above.

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  Further Remarks:
  1. The purpose of this Note is (eventually) to summarise David Wiggins’s work in the areas of Logic and Metaphysics that bear on my Thesis⁷.
  2. Another reason I wished to become more familiar with Wiggins’s work was that he sometimes attended the “Salons” hosted by Oliver Black, so it was not out of the question that I might get to talk to him, and would have liked to be reasonably clued up. Unfortunately, Oliver died at the end of 2018, so this opportunity has disappeared.
  3. I will not cover in this Note Wiggins’s work in Moral Philosophy or other areas in which he has made major contributions to philosophy outside of Personal Identity and Persistence.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.) - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins", 1997, Book, Read = 10%
  2. "Noonan (Harold) - Absolute and Relative Identity", 1996, Read = 17%
  3. "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons and Personal Identity", 1996, Annotations, Read
  4. "Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity", 2016, Book, Read = 14%
  5. "Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity: Introduction", 2016, Read
  6. "Wiggins (David) - Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity", 1967, Book, Read = 5%
  7. "Wiggins (David) - Identity, Individuation, and Substance", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 63%
  8. "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity", 2001, Read = 43%
  9. "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity (S&S)", 1980
  10. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)", 1996, No Abstract, Read
  11. "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance", 1980, Book, Read = 11%
  12. "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance Renewed", 2001, Book, Read = 16%
  13. "Williamson (Timothy) - The Necessity and Determinacy of Distinctness", 1996, Read = 27%
• For a Page of Links⁸ to this Note, Click here. There are a lot of references, and I’ve not looked into them yet. Note that I categorise – or intend to categorise – only those works relevant to my research as “Wiggins”. To save cluttering the list, books but not their chapters are thus flagged.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read⁹, include the following:-
  • General:
    1. "Olson (Eric) - Personal Identity - Oxford Bibliographies Online", 2011/2017, Write-Up Note¹⁰, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons and Personal Identity", 1996, Annotations
  • Wiggins:
    1. "Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity: Introduction", 2016
    2. "Wiggins (David) - On Being in the Same Place at the Same Time", 1968, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Wiggins (David) - Preamble (S&S)", 1980, Annotations, No Abstract
    4. "Wiggins (David) - Preface: Sameness and Substance", 1980, Annotations
    5. "Wiggins (David) - Preface: Sameness and Substance Renewed", 2001, Annotations
    6. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)", 1996, No Abstract
    7. "Wiggins (David) - The Concern to Survive", 1987, Annotations
    8. "Wiggins (David) - The Person as Object of Science, as Subject of Experience, and as Locus of Value", 1987, Annotations
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Bakhurst (David) - Review of David Wiggins's 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Bakhurst (David) - Wiggins on Persons and Human Nature", 2005, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    3. "Baldwin (Thomas) - Reviews: Sameness and Substance by David Wiggins; Objects and Identity by Harold Noonan", 1982, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Bourgeois (Warren) - Contemporary Philosophers' Views on Persons: Wiggins and Williams", 2003
    5. "Cartwright (Helen Morris) - Review of 'Sameness and Substance' by David Wiggins", 1982, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    6. "Chandler (Hugh S.) - Wiggins on Identity", 1969, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Doyle (Robert O.) - David Wiggins", 2018, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    8. "Ferguson (Matthew) - Bart Ehrman and Jodi Magness on the Burial of Jesus and the Empty Tomb", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 100%
    9. "Ferner (Adam) - Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 1%
    10. "Griffin (Nicholas) - Wiggins On Sortals", 1977, No Abstract
    11. "Griffin (Nicholas) - Wiggins's (D)-Relative Identity Theory", 1977
    12. "Hacking (Ian) - Comments on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", 1976, No Abstract
    13. "Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.) - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins", 1997, Book, Read = 10%
    14. "Lowe (E.J.) - Is Conceptualist Realism a Stable Position?", 2005, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    15. "Lowe (E.J.) - Review of Wiggins's 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'", 2003, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Marcus (Ruth Barcan) - Comments on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", 1976, No Abstract
    17. "Meixner (Uwe) - The Rationality of (A Form of) Relative Identity", 2005, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Noonan (Harold) - Absolute and Relative Identity", 1996, Read = 17%
    19. "Noonan (Harold) - Wiggins on Identity", 1976, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Noonan (Harold) - Wiggins' Second Thoughts on Identity", 1981, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    21. "Noonan (Harold) - Wiggins, Artifact Identity and 'Best Candidate' Theories", 1985, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    22. "Runggaldier (Edmund) - Comments of Wiggins's 'Identity and Supervenience'", 2002, No Abstract
    23. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Reply To Wiggins", 2004
    24. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Wiggins on Identity", 1970, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    25. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Wiggins on Identity", 1971, No Abstract, Footnote₁₁
    26. "Smart (Brian) - Personal Identity in an Organized Parcel", 1973, Internal PDF Link
    27. "Thomas (James) - Review of Wiggins's 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'", 2003, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    28. "Williamson (Timothy) - The Necessity and Determinacy of Distinctness", 1996, Read = 27%
  • Wiggins:
    1. "Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity", 2016, Book, Read = 14%
    2. "Wiggins (David) - Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity", 1967, Book, Read = 5%
    3. "Wiggins (David) - Identity and Supervenience", 2002
    4. "Wiggins (David) - Identity, Individuation, and Substance", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 63%
    5. "Wiggins (David) - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", 1976
    6. "Wiggins (David) - Needs, Values, Truth: Essays in the Philosophy of Value", 1987, Book, Read = 3%
    7. "Wiggins (David) - On Singling Out an Object Determinately", 1986, No Abstract
    8. "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity", 2001, Read = 43%
    9. "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity (S&S)", 1980
    10. "Wiggins (David) - Précis of 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'", 2005, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Wiggins (David) - Replies to Reviews of 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Comments by Marcus and Hacking on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", 1976, No Abstract
    13. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Mr. Chandler", 1969, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Noonan (Absolute and Relative Identity)", 1996, No Abstract
    15. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Richard Wollheim", 1978, No Abstract
    16. "Wiggins (David) - Reply To Shoemaker", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Wiggins (David) - Reply To Shoemaker's Reply", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Williamson (The Necessity and Determinacy of Distinctness)", 1996, No Abstract
    19. "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance", 1980, Book, Read = 11%, Footnote₁₂
    20. "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance Renewed", 2001, Book, Read = 16%

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder¹³.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 11:

• Not the same as the previous paper.

Footnote 12:

• This book is superseded by SSR, so may not be worth reading.
• However, S&S, rather than SSR, appears in "Olson (Eric) - Personal Identity - Oxford Bibliographies Online".

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Table of the Previous 8 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	5577	Wiggins
07/05/2022 00:44:38	5196	Wiggins
19/02/2021 00:23:02	4513	Wiggins
01/10/2020 00:24:29	3385	Wiggins
19/01/2018 19:50:53	4601	Wiggins
18/12/2010 19:58:05	506	Wiggins
26/11/2007 23:25:26	501	Wiggins
12/08/2007 10:17:46	80	Wiggins

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Wiggins	General Surveys

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalists	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Continuity	Note Links Explanation	Olson - Personal Identity - Oxford Bibliographies Online
Phase Sortals	Plug Note Apologia	Substance	Thesis - Current Stance	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Animalism, 2	Brain Criterion	Dion and Theon	Phase Sortals	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Sortals	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Hershenov (David)	Animals, Persons and Bioethics	Paper
Puccetti (Roland)	Multiple Identity	Paper
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Criterion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dion and Theon	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Phase Sortals	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Sortals	Paper		Yes
Wiggins (David)	N/A	Author

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Bakhurst (David)	Review of David Wiggins's 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'	Paper - Cited	Philosophy - 79, Jan2004, Issue 307, p133-141, 9p	No
Bakhurst (David)	Wiggins on Persons and Human Nature	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Sep., 2005), pp. 462-469	33%
Baldwin (Thomas)	Reviews: Sameness and Substance by David Wiggins; Objects and Identity by Harold Noonan	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy, Vol. 57, No. 220 (Apr., 1982), pp. 269-272	No
Bourgeois (Warren)	Contemporary Philosophers' Views on Persons: Wiggins and Williams	Paper - By Subtopic	Bourgeois - Persons: What Philosophers Say about You, 2003, Chapter 11	No
Bourgeois (Warren)	Persons: What Philosophers Say about You	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Bourgeois (Warren) - Persons: What Philosophers Say about You	15%
Cartwright (Helen Morris)	Review of 'Sameness and Substance' by David Wiggins	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Review, Vol. 91, No. 4 (Oct., 1982), pp. 597-603	17%
Chandler (Hugh S.)	Wiggins on Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis 29.5, 1969, pp.173-174	No
Doyle (Robert O.)	David Wiggins	Paper - By Subtopic	Personal Website	33%
Ferner (Adam)	Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity	Paper - By Subtopic	PhD Thesis, Birkbeck, 2014	1%
Griffin (Nicholas)	Relative Identity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Griffin (Nicholas) - Relative Identity	No
Griffin (Nicholas)	Wiggins On Sortals	Paper - By Subtopic	Griffin - Relative Identity, 1977, Appendix 1	No
Griffin (Nicholas)	Wiggins's (D)-Relative Identity Theory	Paper - By Subtopic	Griffin - Relative Identity, 1977, Chapter 7	No
Hacking (Ian)	Comments on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Stephan Korner (ed.) Philosophy of Logic, Blackwell, Oxford, 1976, pp. 147-159	No
Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.)	Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	Book - Cited	Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.) - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	10%
Lowe (E.J.)	Is Conceptualist Realism a Stable Position?	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Sep., 2005), pp. 456-461	No
Lowe (E.J.)	Review of Wiggins's 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind Vol. 112, No. 448 (Oct., 2003), pp. 816-820	No
Marcus (Ruth Barcan)	Comments on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Stephan Korner (ed.) Philosophy of Logic, Blackwell, Oxford, 1976, pp. 132-146	No
Meixner (Uwe)	The Rationality of (A Form of) Relative Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Sep., 2005), pp. 449-455	No
Noonan (Harold)	Absolute and Relative Identity	Paper - Cited	Lovibond & Williams - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	17%
Noonan (Harold)	Wiggins on Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, New Series, Vol. 85, No. 340 (Oct., 1976), pp. 559-575	No
Noonan (Harold)	Wiggins' Second Thoughts on Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Quarterly (1950-), Vol. 31, No. 124 (Jul., 1981), pp. 260-268	No
Noonan (Harold)	Wiggins, Artifact Identity and 'Best Candidate' Theories	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis 45, 1985, 4-8	17%
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed.	Philosophy - 79/307 (January 2004)	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	No
Olson (Eric)	Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson)	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	16%
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity - Oxford Bibliographies Online	Paper - Cited	Oxford Bibliographies Online / Sheffield University website	Yes
Peacocke (Arthur) & Gillett (Grant)	Persons and Personality: A Contemporary Inquiry	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Peacocke (Arthur) & Gillett (Grant) - Persons and Personality: A Contemporary Inquiry	14%
Rea (Michael), Ed.	Material Constitution - A Reader	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Rea (Michael), Ed. - Material Constitution - A Reader	35%
Shoemaker (Sydney)	Reply To Wiggins	Paper - By Subtopic	Monist, Oct2004, Vol. 87 Issue 4, p610-613, 4p;	No
Shoemaker (Sydney)	Wiggins on Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Munitz - Identity and Individuation, 1971, pp. 103-118	No
Shoemaker (Sydney)	Wiggins on Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Review 79.4, October 1970, pp. 529-544	No
Smart (Brian)	Personal Identity in an Organized Parcel	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies: Vol. 24, No. 6 (Nov., 1973), pp. 420-423	No
Snowdon (Paul)	Persons and Personal Identity	Paper - Cited	Lovibond & Williams - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins, 1996	Yes
Thomas (James)	Review of Wiggins's 'Sameness and Substance Renewed'	Paper - By Subtopic	Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Mar., 2003), pp. 687-690	No
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Criterion	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Wiggins	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Wiggins (David)	Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	Book - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	14%
Wiggins (David)	Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity: Introduction	Paper - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity	Book - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity	5%
Wiggins (David)	Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Wiggins - Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity, 1967, pp. vii-viii	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Identity, Individuation, and Substance	Paper - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	63%
Wiggins (David)	Identity, Necessity and Physicalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Stephan Korner (ed.) Philosophy of Logic, Blackwell, Oxford, 1976, pp. 96-132	No
Wiggins (David)	Needs, Values, Truth: Essays in the Philosophy of Value	Book - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Needs, Values, Truth: Essays in the Philosophy of Value	3%
Wiggins (David)	On Being in the Same Place at the Same Time	Paper - By Subtopic	Rea - Material Constitution - A Reader	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Personal Identity	Paper - Cited	Wiggins - Sameness and Substance Renewed, 2001, Chapter 7	48%
Wiggins (David)	Personal Identity (S&S)	Paper - Cited	Wiggins - Sameness and Substance, 1980, Chapter 6	No
Wiggins (David)	Preamble (S&S)	Paper - By Subtopic	Wiggins - Sameness and Substance, 1980	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Preface: Sameness and Substance	Paper - By Subtopic	Wiggins - Sameness and Substance, 1980	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Preface: Sameness and Substance Renewed	Paper - By Subtopic	Wiggins - Sameness and Substance Renewed, 2001	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Reply to Comments by Marcus and Hacking on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Stephan Korner (ed.) Philosophy of Logic, Blackwell, Oxford, 1976, pp. 159-182	No
Wiggins (David)	Reply to Noonan (Absolute and Relative Identity)	Paper - By Subtopic	Lovibond & Williams - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	No
Wiggins (David)	Reply To Shoemaker	Paper - By Subtopic	Monist, Oct2004, Vol. 87 Issue 4, p594-609, 16p;	No
Wiggins (David)	Reply To Shoemaker's Reply	Paper - By Subtopic	Monist, Oct2004, Vol. 87 Issue 4, p614-615, 2p;	No
Wiggins (David)	Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)	Paper - Cited	Lovibond & Williams - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins, 1996	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Reply to Williamson (The Necessity and Determinacy of Distinctness)	Paper - By Subtopic	Lovibond & Williams - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	No
Wiggins (David)	Sameness and Substance	Book - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance	11%
Wiggins (David)	Sameness and Substance Renewed	Book - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance Renewed	16%
Wiggins (David)	The Concern to Survive	Paper - By Subtopic	Wiggins (David) - Needs, Values, Truth	Yes
Wiggins (David)	The Person as Object of Science, as Subject of Experience, and as Locus of Value	Paper - By Subtopic	Peacocke & Gillett - Persons and Personality: A Contemporary Inquiry, 1987, Chapter 4	Yes
Williamson (Timothy)	The Necessity and Determinacy of Distinctness	Paper - Cited	Lovibond & Williams - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	27%
Zimmerman (Dean) & Gendler (Tamar Szabo), Eds.	Monist Special Issue: Personal Identity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Zimmerman (Dean) & Gendler (Tamar Szabo), Eds. - Monist Special Issue: Personal Identity	2%

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Text Colour Conventions

1. Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2023

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