Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Animalism - Objections

(Work In Progress: output at 28/07/2026 11:12:29)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. In "Olson (Eric) - Human Atoms", Olson mentions four “favourite objections”, though these strike me as being rather feeble, and I suspect them of being straw men: they may be favoured by objectors, but are also Olson’s ‘favourites’ as they are easy to bat away. I will assess them :-
     1. If you were an animal, you would be identical with your body (or at any rate with some human body). But no human body can think or feel or act, as you can.
     2. Persons and animals have different persistence conditions: the organism that is your body could outlive you (if you lapsed into a persistent vegetative state), or you could outlive it (if your brain were transplanted and the rest of you destroyed). But a thing cannot outlive itself.
     3. Persons and animals have different criteria of synchronic identity: any human animal could be associated with two different persons at once (as cases of split personality). Thus, no person is an animal.
     4. These experiences – the ones I am having now – are essentially mine. But they are only contingently associated with any particular animal. Hence, I have a property that no animal has.
     The above paper is intended, however, to rebut the argument against animalism in "Lowe (E.J.) - Subjects of Experience", which has the unlikely consequence that we are “mereological atoms”.
  2. Otherwise, a convenient starting-point for reviewing objections to Animalism is in "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'". The symposium starts with "Olson (Eric) - Precis of 'The Human Animal'", a very brief account that hardly does what it says on the tin. Otherwise, the symposium contains the following papers:-
     → "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Big-Tent Metaphysics"
     → "Markosian (Ned) - Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity"
     → "Zimmerman (Dean) - Problems for Animalism"
     → "Olson (Eric) - Replies to Baker, Markosian & Zimmerman"
     → "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Response to Eric Olson"
  3. "Hudson (Hud) - I am Not an Animal!" argues against animalism via the “Elimination Argument”. "Bailey (Andrew M.) - The Elimination Argument" seeks to rebuff it.
  4. The objections from the above papers may be lidted as follows. I intend to elucidate and answer these objections – or supply and critique Olson’s answers – below, though some may require – or be already covered by – their own Notes appearing later in this Chapter or elsewhere:-
     1. Baker’s ‘Big Tent Metaphysics’
     2. Markosian’s ‘Mummy’ problem.
     3. Markosian’s ‘Corpse Problem’
     4. Markosian’s ‘Salamander Problem’
     5. Zimmerman’s critique of Olson’s Master Argument².
     6. Zimmerman’s presentation of Chisholm’s Entia Successiva Argument.
     7. Zimmerman’s ‘Vagueness of Animals’ Argument.
     8. Hudson’s ‘Elimination’ Argument.
        
  5. Elselijn Kingma has accused animalists of not taking Pregnancy³ as an important issue for Animalism. She thinks that the Fetus⁴ is a part of the mother. My view is that animals can share parts, as seems to be necessary for Conjoined Twins⁵, which are another supposed objection to animalism if it could be successfully argued that there is only one animal in these cases.
  6. Otherwise, objections – which may be eaten up by the papers above – include:-
     • The most obvious objection is to the initial implausibility of Animalism’s basic contention that – because I was once a fetus⁶ and may one day suffer from dementia or end up in a Persistent Vegetative State⁷ – psychological continuity⁸ or connectedness⁹ can have nothing to do with my persistence criteria¹⁰. Animalists can be accused of not taking persons sufficiently seriously¹¹.
     • Additionally – covered above by Markosian – Animalists are said to have a “corpse problem¹²”. Because I am co-located with my “corpse-to-be”, the Animalist is hoist by his own petard, in that he has the analogue of the “fetus problem¹³” he alleges against the₁₄ Psychological View¹⁵. I cover this exhaustively in my Note on Corpses¹⁶ in Chapter 11.
     • A spin-off from the alleged irrelevancy of psychology for human identity is the need to deny the Brain Transplant¹⁷ intuition – that “I go where my brain goes”. The Transplant Intuition has been defended from an animalist perspective in "Madden (Rory) - Human Persistence".
       

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Bailey (Andrew M.) - The Elimination Argument", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 78%
  2. "Hudson (Hud) - I am Not an Animal!", 2007, Read = 11%
  3. "Lowe (E.J.) - Subjects of Experience", 1996, Book, Read = 3%
  4. "Madden (Rory) - Human Persistence", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read
  5. "Olson (Eric) - Human Atoms", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
  6. "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'", 2008, Book, Read
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁸, include the following:-
  • Dicephalus & Conjoined Twins¹⁹:
    1. "Buchanan (Rachael) - The battle to separate Safa and Marwa", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Wikipedia - Craniopagus Twins", 2017, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • General:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Big-Tent Metaphysics", 2008, Write-Up Note²⁰, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Response to Eric Olson", 2008, Write-Up Note²¹, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson", 2008, Write-Up Note²², External Link, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Belshaw (Christopher) - My Beginnings", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism (SEP)", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases", 2007, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Blatti (Stephan), Ed. - The Lives of Human Animals", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Campbell (Scott) - Can You Survive a Brain-Zap", 2004, Annotations
    10. "Carter (William) - Death and Bodily Transfiguration", 1984, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Francescotti (Robert) - Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Garrett (Brian) - Animalism and Reductionism", 1998, Annotations
    13. "Garrett (Brian) - Some Thoughts on Animalism", 2003, Annotations
    14. "Hershenov (David) - Do Dead Bodies Pose a Problem for Biological Approaches to Personal Identity", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    15. "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
    16. "Mackie (David) - Going Topless", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Mackie (David) - Personal Identity and Dead People", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Madden (Rory) - Human Persistence", 2016, Internal PDF Link
    19. "Markosian (Ned) - Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity", 2008, Write-Up Note²³, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
    21. "Noonan (Harold) - Animalism Versus Lockeanism: A Current Controversy", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    22. "Noonan (Harold) - Animalism versus Lockeanism: Reply to Mackie", 2001, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Noonan (Harold) - Arguments Against Animalism: Comments on L.R.Baker 'Persons & Bodies'", 2001, Write-Up Note²⁴, Annotations
    24. "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Corpse Problem", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    25. "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem", 2015, Internal PDF Link
    26. "Olson (Eric) - On Parfit's View That We Are Not Human Beings", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    27. "Olson (Eric) - Precis of 'The Human Animal'", Write-Up Note²⁵, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    28. "Olson (Eric) - Replies to Baker, Markosian & Zimmerman", 2008, Write-Up Note²⁶, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    29. "Olson (Eric) - The Person and the Corpse", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    30. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Animals", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁷, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    31. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Brains", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁸, Internal PDF Link
    32. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? What Now?", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁹, Internal PDF Link
    33. "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'", 2008, Book
    34. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Self, Body, and Coincidence", 1999, Annotations
    35. "Snowdon (Paul) - Personal Identity and Brain Transplants", 1991, Annotations
    36. "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons, Animals, and Bodies", 1995, Annotations
    37. "Snowdon (Paul) - Some Objections to Animalism", 2003
    38. "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", 2009, Write-Up Note³⁰
    39. "Steinhart (Eric) - Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms", 2001, Annotations
    40. "Unger (Peter) - The Survival of the Sentient", 2000, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    41. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Problems for Animalism", 2008, Write-Up Note³¹, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • Pregnancy³²:
    1. "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Kingma (Elselijn) - Lady Parts: The Metaphysics of Pregnancy", 2018, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations, External Link
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • Dicephalus & Conjoined Twins³³:
    1. "Campbell (Tim) & McMahan (Jeff) - Animalism and the Varieties of Conjoined Twinning", 2016, Read = 40%
    2. "Olson (Eric) - The Metaphysical Implications of Conjoined Twining", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    3. "Stone (James L.) & Goodrich (James T.) - The craniopagus malformation: classification and implications for surgical separation", 2006, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 42%
  • General:
    1. "Ayer (A.J.) - The Meaning of Life", 1991, No Abstract
    2. "Bailey (Andrew M.) - The Elimination Argument", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 78%
    3. "Berglund (Stefan) - Animalism", 1995
    4. "Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds. - Animalism: Introduction", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 58%
    5. "Braine (David) - The Human Person: Animal and Spirit", 1993, Book, Read = 1%
    6. "Ferner (Adam) - Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity", 2014, Write-Up Note³⁴, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 127%
    7. "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Embryo Problem", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Hershenov (David) - The Death of a Person", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Hershenov (David) - The Problematic Role of ‘Irreversibility’ in the Definition of Death", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Hudson (Hud) - I am Not an Animal!", 2007, Read = 11%
    11. "Lowe (E.J.) - Subjects of Experience", 1996, Book, Read = 3%
    12. "Madden (Rory) - Thinking Parts", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 18%
    13. "Moran (Alexander P.) - Animalism and the Thinking Parts Problem", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    14. "Noller (Jorg) - Beyond Animalism and Constitutionalism: The Person as A Form of Life", Undated, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    15. "Olson (Eric) - Human Atoms", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    16. "Olson (Eric) - The Remnant-Person Problem", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    17. "Olson (Eric) - The Role of the Brainstem in Personal Identity", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    18. "Parfit (Derek) - We Are Not Human Beings", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 43%
    19. "Petrus (Klaus), Ed. - On Human Persons", 2003, Book, Read = 73%
    20. "Puhl (Klaus) - Review of Klaus Petrus's 'On Human Persons'", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    21. "Reid (Mark D.) - A Case in Which Two Persons Exist in One Animal", 2016, Read = 42%
    22. "Shoemaker (David) - The Stony Metaphysical Heart of Animalism", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 24%
    23. "Snowdon (Paul) - Animalism and the Unity of Consciousness", 2014, Read = 7%
    24. "Snowdon (Paul) - Multiple Personality Disorder", 2014, Read = 33%
    25. "Toner (Patrick) - Hylemorphic animalism", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
    26. "Tzinman (Rina) - Memory, Organisms and the Circle of Life", 2018, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
  • Pregnancy³⁵:
    1. "Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter) - Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    2. "Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) - Sortals and Human Beginnings", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
    3. "Oderberg (David) - The Metaphysical Status of the Embryo: Some Arguments Revisited", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    4. "Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit) - Sixteen Days", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder³⁶.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 14:

1. Olson alleges the ‘Fetus Problem against the Constitution View, but he misunderstands the CV’s position.

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Table of the Previous 12 Versions of this Note: (of 14)

Date	Length	Title
06/07/2023 00:43:12	8201	Animalism - Objections
28/09/2022 10:24:58	7662	Animalism - Objections
11/05/2022 18:59:02	6836	Animalism - Objections
11/02/2021 11:29:46	6357	Animalism - Objections
04/12/2019 23:36:58	4334	Animalism - Objections
30/11/2019 22:58:05	4333	Animalism - Objections
29/04/2018 11:02:24	4787	Animalism - Objections
28/04/2018 00:07:12	3357	Animalism - Objections
10/04/2017 23:38:24	2068	Animalism - Objections
18/12/2010 19:58:05	733	Animalism - Objections
18/08/2009 20:39:50	738	Animalism - Objections
26/11/2007 23:25:26	622	Animalism - Objections

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
02/08/2026 00:33:00	None available	Animalism

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Baker - Review - Olson - What Are We?	Baker - The Human Animal: Big-Tent Metaphysics	Baker - The Human Animal: Response to Olson	Brain Transplants
Connectedness vs Continuity	Constitution View	Corpses	Dicephalus	Ferner - Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity
Fetuses	Markosian - The Human Animal: Three Problems for Olson	Noonan - Persons and Bodies - Response	Olson - Replies to Baker, Markosian & Zimmerman	Olson - The Human Animal (Precis)
Olson - What Are We? Animals	Olson - What Are We? Brains	Olson - What Are We? What Now?	Persistence Criteria	Persistent Vegetative State
Plug Note Apologia	Pregnancy	Psychological Continuity	Psychological View	Snowdon - The Self and Personal Identity
Taking Persons Seriously	Thinking Animal Argument	Works Read - Explanation	Zimmerman - The Human Animal: Objections

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Animalism, 2, 3	Animalists	Bodily Continuity	Body Criterion	Cartesian Ego
Commissurotomy, 2	Constitution View - Objections	Corpses	Death, 2	Dicephalus
Fetuses	Matter	Methuselah	Olson - What Are We? Animals, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Olson - What Are We? The Question
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5	Psychological View	Snowdon - The Self and Personal Identity	Status: Personal Identity (2026 - June), 2, 3, 4	Status: Priority Task List (2026 - July), 2, 3, 4
Status: Summary (2026 - June), 2, 3, 4	Supervenience	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2, 3, 4	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection), 2, 3
Thesis - Chapter 12 (Conclusion)	Thesis - Current Stance	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22	Thinking Animal Argument	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Bailey (Andrew M.)	The Elimination Argument	Paper	2, 3, 4
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper	2	Yes
Blatti (Stephan)	Animalism (SEP)	Paper		Yes
Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds.	Animalism: Introduction	Paper
Blatti (Stephan), Ed.	The Lives of Human Animals	Paper		Yes
Duncan (Matt)	I Think, Therefore I Persist	Paper		Yes
Garrett (Brian)	Animalism and Reductionism	Paper		Yes
Madden (Rory)	Thinking Parts	Paper
Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric)	Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands	Paper		Yes
Moran (Alexander P.)	Animalism and the Thinking Parts Problem	Paper	2
Olson (Eric)	Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	The Remnant-Person Problem	Paper	2
Olson (Eric)	Thinking Animals and the Constitution View	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? What Now?	Paper		Yes
Petrus (Klaus), Ed.	On Human Persons	Book	2, 3, 4
Puhl (Klaus)	Review of Klaus Petrus's 'On Human Persons'	Paper	2
Reid (Mark D.)	A Case in Which Two Persons Exist in One Animal	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Shoemaker (David)	The Stony Metaphysical Heart of Animalism	Paper	2, 3
Snowdon (Paul)	Animalism and the Unity of Consciousness	Paper	2, 3
Snowdon (Paul)	Some Objections to Animalism	Paper		Yes
Snowdon (Paul)	The Self and Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalists	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Bodily Continuity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Body Criterion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Cartesian Ego	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 12 (Conclusion)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Commissurotomy	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Constitution View - Objections	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Corpses	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Death	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dicephalus	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Fetuses	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Matter	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Methuselah	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Psychological View	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Supervenience	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Thinking Animal Argument	Paper		Yes
Toner (Patrick)	Hylemorphic animalism	Paper
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper		Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Bailey (Andrew M.)	The Elimination Argument	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Studies 168 (2014): 475-482	56%
Bailey (Andrew M.)	The Elimination Argument	Paper - Referencing	Philosophical Studies 168 (2014): 475-482	56%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Big-Tent Metaphysics	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Response to Eric Olson	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper - Cited	Mind, 117:1120-1122, 2008	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Cited	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Belshaw (Christopher)	My Beginnings	Paper - Cited	The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 371-389	Yes
Blatti (Stephan)	Animalism (SEP)	Paper - Cited	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2014	Yes
Blatti (Stephan)	Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Psychology 20 (2007): 595–608	Yes
Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds.	Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	22%
Blatti (Stephan), Ed.	The Lives of Human Animals	Paper - Cited	The Southern Journal of Philosophy Volume 52, Spindel Supplement, 2014	Yes
Blatti (Stephan), Ed.	The Lives of Human Animals	Paper - Referencing	The Southern Journal of Philosophy Volume 52, Spindel Supplement, 2014	Yes
Braine (David)	The Human Person: Animal and Spirit	Book - Cited	Braine (David) - The Human Person: Animal and Spirit	1%
Buchanan (Rachael)	The battle to separate Safa and Marwa	Paper - Cited	BBC Website, July 2019	Yes
Campbell (Scott)	Can You Survive a Brain-Zap	Paper - Cited	Theoria, 2004; 70(1): 22-27	Yes
Campbell (Tim) & McMahan (Jeff)	Animalism and the Varieties of Conjoined Twinning	Paper - Cited	Blatti & Snowdon - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity, 2016: Part III, Chapter 11, pp. 229-252	40%
Carter (William)	Death and Bodily Transfiguration	Paper - Cited	Mind, 1984, 412-418	Yes
Francescotti (Robert)	Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Explorations, Mar2005, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p69-81, 13p	Yes
Garrett (Brian)	Animalism and Reductionism	Paper - Cited	Garrett - Personal Identity and Self-consciousness, 1998, Chapter 2	Yes
Garrett (Brian)	Personal Identity and Self-consciousness	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Hudson (Hud)	I am Not an Animal!	Paper - Cited	Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean) - Persons: Human and Divine	11%
Lowe (E.J.)	Subjects of Experience	Book - Cited	Lowe (E.J.) - Subjects of Experience	3%
Madden (Rory)	Human Persistence	Paper - Cited	Philosophers’ Imprint, Vol. 16, No. 17, September 2016	Yes
Markosian (Ned)	Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Human Atoms	Paper - Cited	Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76, No 3, pp. 396-406; September 1998	33%
Olson (Eric)	Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson)	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	16%
Olson (Eric)	Precis of 'The Human Animal'	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Replies to Baker, Markosian & Zimmerman	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric), Etc.	Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'	Book - Cited	Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'	Yes
Petrus (Klaus), Ed.	On Human Persons	Book - Cited	Petrus (Klaus), Ed. - On Human Persons	73%
Puhl (Klaus)	Review of Klaus Petrus's 'On Human Persons'	Paper - Referencing	Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2004	33%
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Commissurotomy	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean)	Persons: Human and Divine	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	3%
Wikipedia	Craniopagus Twins	Paper - Cited	Wikipedia; Extract taken 18 July 2017	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper - Referencing	Wilson, Jack - Biological Individuality: The identity and Persistence of Living Entities; 1999, Chap. 1, pp. 1-21	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Zimmerman (Dean)	Problems for Animalism	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes

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Text Colour Conventions

1. Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2026
2. Mauve: Text by correspondent(s) or other author(s); © the author(s)

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