Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Universals

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. What have Universals to do with Personal Identity? Well, not a lot – except David Lewis introduced them as an example to distinguish perdurance² from endurance³ – Universals being analogous to enduring entities as they are (allegedly) wholly present in each particular that possesses the property covered by the Universal. So, (a particular shade of) redness is (said to be) wholly present in each red object exemplifying that shade.
  2. There’s also a connection with Natural Kinds⁴. In "Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander) - What are Natural Kinds?", the authors suggest that Natural Kinds are “Complex Universals”.
  3. I also – probably heretically – have the view that Universals themselves might have persistence conditions⁵. My example is that of a book. “Pride and Prejudice” is a book – but both a Universal that can be variously instantiated in physical books, or (now) eBooks. But it (or a better example) might go through several editions. What makes all these editions “of the same book”?

• ---

  Further Remarks:
  1. There is a potential relationship between Universals and Properties⁶ – realists contend that properties are Universals, and "Moreland (J.P.) - Universals" addresses the question of universals via that of properties. So, a consideration of "Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex), Eds. - Properties: Oxford Readings in Philosophy" might be in order.
  2. I have touched upon Universals in various write-ups:-
     1. "Baillie (James) - What Am I?": see write-up⁷.
     2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Response to Eric Olson": see write-up⁸.
     3. "Fine (Kit) - A Counter-Example To Locke's Thesis": see write-up⁹.
     4. "Markosian (Ned) - Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity": see write-up¹⁰.
  3. They also appear in Animadversions on talks at Heythrop by:-
     1. Snowdon¹¹
     2. Haldane¹²
  4. I might also review my BA-finals essay on the Third Man Argument¹³, which deals with the problems caused by properties and universals.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Baillie (James) - What Am I?", 1993, Write-Up Note¹⁴, Read
  2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Response to Eric Olson", 2008, Write-Up Note¹⁵, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read
  3. "Fine (Kit) - A Counter-Example To Locke's Thesis", 2000, Write-Up Note¹⁶, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read
  4. "Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander) - What are Natural Kinds?", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
  5. "Markosian (Ned) - Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity", 2008, Write-Up Note¹⁷, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read
  6. "Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex), Eds. - Properties: Oxford Readings in Philosophy", 2002, Book
  7. "Moreland (J.P.) - Universals", 2001, Book, Read = 20%
• For a Page of Links¹⁸ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁹, include the following:-
  • General:
    1. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Aristotle and the Sea Battle", 1956, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Armstrong (David) - In Conclusion (Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)", 1978
    3. "Armstrong (David) - Introduction to Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)", 1977
    4. "Armstrong (David) - The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)", 1978
    5. "Armstrong (David) - The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2 (A Theory of Universals)", 1977
    6. "Armstrong (David) - What is a Law of Nature? Conclusions", 1985
    7. "Bacon (John), Campbell (Keith) & Reinhardt (Lloyd) - Ontology, Causality and Mind: Preface", 1993
    8. "Baillie (James) - What Am I?", 1993, Write-Up Note²⁰, Footnote₂₁
    9. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Response to Eric Olson", 2008, Write-Up Note²², Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Butchvarov (Panayot) - Being Qua Being: Introduction", 1979
    11. "Crane (Tim) & Farkas (Katalin) - Universals and Particulars: Introduction", 2004, Annotations
    12. "Fine (Gail) - Platonic Questions", 1993, Footnote₂₃
    13. "Fine (Kit) - A Counter-Example To Locke's Thesis", 2000, Write-Up Note²⁴, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Hartshorne (Charles) - The Necessarily Existent", 1965
    15. "Lewis (David) - On the Plurality of Worlds (Selections)", 2006
    16. "Lewis (David) - Philosophical Papers Volume II: Introduction", 1986
    17. "Lewis (David) - The Problem of Temporary Intrinsics", 1986
    18. "Lowe (E.J.) - More Kinds of Being: Preface", 2015
    19. "Markosian (Ned) - Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity", 2008, Write-Up Note²⁵, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Moreland (J.P.) - The Problem(s) of Universals", 2001
    21. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Bundles", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁶, Internal PDF Link
    22. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? The Question", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁷, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Quine (W.V.) - On What There Is", 1980
    24. "Russell (Bertrand) - The Problems of Philosophy", 1912, Book
    25. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Necessary Being: the Ontological Argument", 1999
• A further reading list₂₈ might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Armstrong (David) - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism)", 1980, Book, Read = 6%
    2. "Armstrong (David) - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)", 1980, Book, Read = 4%
    3. "Aune (Bruce) - Universals and Particulars", 1985, Read = 6%
    4. "Bealer (George) - Universals and Properties", 1999
    5. "Crane (Tim) - Metaphysics: Universals", 1998, No Abstract
    6. "Doyle (Robert O.) - Abstract Entities", 2018, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Fine (Gail) - On Ideas - Introduction", 1993
    8. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Lewis, 'New Work for a Theory of Universals'", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    9. "Hawley (Katherine) - David Lewis on Persistence", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 44%
    10. "Hawley (Katherine) - Mereology, Modality and Magic", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
    11. "Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander) - What are Natural Kinds?", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    12. "Lewis (David) - New Work for a Theory of Universals", 1983, Read = 23%
    13. "Loux (Michael) - The Problem of Universals I: Metaphysical Realism", 2002, Read = 7%
    14. "Loux (Michael) - The Problem of Universals II: Nominalism", 2002, Read = 6%
    15. "MacBride (Fraser) - The Particular-Universal Distinction: A Dogma of Metaphysics?", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    16. "MacBride (Fraser) - Where are particulars and universals?", 1998, No Abstract
    17. "Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex), Eds. - Properties: Oxford Readings in Philosophy", 2002, Book
    18. "Moreland (J.P.) - Universals", 2001, Book, Read = 20%, Footnote₂₉
    19. "O'Leary-Hawthorne (John) & Cover (J.A.) - A World of Universals", 1998, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Sider (Ted) - Sparseness, Immanence, and Naturalness", 1995, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%, Footnote₃₀
    21. "Teichman (Jenny) - Three Kinds of Realism About Universals", 1989, Internal PDF Link

  ---

• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder³¹.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 21:

• This paper – inter alia – confirms my “take” on the Cheshire Cat’s smile.
• See Draft Note, Review Comments.

Footnote 23:

• See also "Fine (Gail) - On Ideas - Introduction".

Footnote 28:

• The Categorised reading-list is far too bloated for my interests.
• So I’ve included most of what I’ve actually read, but have been much more restrictive on unread items

Footnote 29:

• Looks like I’ve made two attempts to read this book, but it’s the dullest I’ve ever come across!

Footnote 30:

• Look into the other papers by Ted Sider in the categorised list if time.

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Table of the Previous 7 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	4766	Universals
01/05/2022 18:20:10	4385	Universals
19/02/2021 00:23:02	4123	Universals
30/09/2020 21:33:07	3397	Universals
08/06/2018 19:00:29	5391	Universals
14/01/2017 20:18:14	2482	Universals
26/03/2014 19:24:58	1787	Universals

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Universals	Ontology

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Baillie - What Am I?	Baker - The Human Animal: Response to Olson	Endurantism	Fine - A Counter-Example to Locke's Thesis
Haldane - Naturalism and the Mind	Jen_080204 (Brandom, Chisholm, Baillie)	Markosian - The Human Animal: Three Problems for Olson	Natural Kinds	Note Links Explanation
Olson - What Are We? Bundles	Olson - What Are We? The Question	Perdurantism	Persistence Criteria	Plug Note Apologia
Properties	Snowdon - Naturalism and Metaphysics	Third Man	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Evolution	Kurtz - Persistence (Introduction)	Olson - What Are We? The Question	Partial Identity	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5
Properties	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Thesis - Current Stance
Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Alexander (Ronald)	Consciousness and the Self	Paper
Alexander (Ronald)	The Supervenient Self and Its Relationship to Tropes	Paper
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Aristotle and the Sea Battle	Paper		Yes
Armstrong (David)	Acceptance of Conjunctive Universals	Paper
Armstrong (David)	Higher-Order Relations	Paper
Armstrong (David)	In Conclusion (Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Armstrong (David)	Introduction to Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27	Yes
Armstrong (David)	Laws of nature as relations between universals	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Armstrong (David)	Metaphysics and Supervenience	Paper
Armstrong (David)	Particulars and Universals	Paper
Armstrong (David)	Properties	Paper
Armstrong (David)	Properties and Relations as Particulars	Paper
Armstrong (David)	Rejection of Disjunctive and Negative Universals	Paper	2
Armstrong (David)	Relations Between Predicates and Universals	Paper	2, 3
Armstrong (David)	The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18	Yes
Armstrong (David)	The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2 (A Theory of Universals)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29	Yes
Armstrong (David)	The Identification of Universals	Paper
Armstrong (David)	The Resemblance of Universals (I): Criticism of Received Accounts	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Armstrong (David)	The Resemblance of Universals (II): A New Account	Paper	2, 3, 4
Armstrong (David)	Transcendent Universals	Paper	2
Armstrong (David)	Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism)	Book	2, 3
Armstrong (David)	Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)	Book	2, 3
Armstrong (David)	Universals as Attributes	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Armstrong (David)	What is a Law of Nature?	Book	2, 3, 4
Armstrong (David)	What is a Law of Nature? Conclusions	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12	Yes
Aune (Bruce)	Metaphysics: The Elements	Book
Aune (Bruce)	Universals and Particulars	Paper	2
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke (Vol 1 - Epistemology)	Book
Bacon (John), Campbell (Keith) & Reinhardt (Lloyd)	Ontology, Causality and Mind	Book	2
Bacon (John), Campbell (Keith) & Reinhardt (Lloyd)	Ontology, Causality and Mind: Preface	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Yes
Barker (Stephen) & Dowe (Phil)	Paradoxes of multi-location	Paper	2
Bealer (George)	Self-Consciousness	Paper	2
Bealer (George)	Universals and Properties	Paper	2, 3, 4
Beebee (Helen) & Rush (Michael)	Non-paradoxical multi-location	Paper
Benjamin (Andrew)	Perception, Judgment and Individuation: Towards a Metaphysics of Particularity	Paper
Bird (Alexander) & Tobin (Emma)	Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Butchvarov (Panayot)	Being Qua Being: Introduction	Paper	2	Yes
Campbell (Keith)	The Metaphysic of Abstract Particulars	Paper
Carter (William)	Substance	Paper
Casullo (Albert)	Particulars, Substrata and the Identity of Indiscernibles	Paper
Casullo (Albert)	The Contingent Identity of Particulars and Universals	Paper
Cohen (L. Jonathan)	Laws, Coincidences and Relations Between Universals	Paper	2
Comrie (Bernard)	Linguistic Typology	Paper		Yes
Cook (Robert R.)	God, Time and Freedom	Paper
Crystal (David)	The Structure of Language	Paper
Dawkins (Richard)	Selfish Genes and Selfish Memes	Paper		Yes
Denkel (Arda)	Resemblance Cannot be Partial Identity	Paper
Dilman (Ilham)	Universals: Bambrough on Wittgenstein	Paper
Doyle (Robert O.)	N/A	Author
Earl (Dennis)	Concepts and Properties	Paper
Eco (Umberto)	The Name of the Rose	Book		Yes
Ellis (Brian)	Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties	Paper
Fine (Gail)	On Ideas - Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms	Book	2, 3
Fine (Gail)	On Ideas - Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Fine (Gail)	Platonic Questions	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Fine (Gail)	The Argument from Relatives	Paper
Fine (Gail)	The Arguments from the Sciences: Forms and Knowledge	Paper	2
Funkhouser (Eric)	Metaphysics, Spring 2014	Book
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Armstrong, 'Universals as Attributes'	Paper
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Campbell, 'The Metaphysic of Abstract Particulars'	Paper	2
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Lewis, 'New Work for a Theory of Universals'	Paper	2, 3, 4
Geisler (Norman) & Corduan (Winfried)	Ontological Arguments	Paper		Yes
Gilmore (Cody)	In Defence of Spatially Related Universals	Paper	2, 3
Gilmore (Cody)	Location and Mereology	Paper	2
Grünberg (David)	Three Basic Ontological Relations Concerning the Physical Realm	Paper
Haldane (John)	Naturalism and Mind	Paper	2	Yes
Hamlyn (D.W.)	Metaphysics	Book
Hamlyn (D.W.)	Particular and General	Paper
Hanley (Richard)	The Metaphysics of Star Trek: Introduction: The Philosophic Enterprise	Paper		Yes
Hanley (Richard)	The Metaphysics of Star Trek: Prime Suspects	Paper
Hartshorne (Charles)	The Necessarily Existent	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Hawley (Katherine)	David Lewis on Persistence	Paper	2, 3, 4
Hawley (Katherine)	Mereology, Modality and Magic	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander)	What are Natural Kinds?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Hawthorne (John) & Sider (Ted)	Locations	Paper
Heil (John)	Imperfect Similarity	Paper	2, 3
Hintikka (Jaakko)	The Semantics of Modal Notions and the Indeterminacy of Ontology	Paper
Hofmann (Frank)	Substrate	Paper
Hollis (Martin) & Lukes (Steven)	Rationality and Relativism	Book
Hospers (John)	An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis - Second Edition	Book
Hospers (John)	An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis - Second Edition	Paper
Jackson (Frank)	Statements About Universals	Paper
Kurtz (Roxanne)	Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?	Paper		Yes
Ladyman (James)	Mathematical structuralism and the Identity of Indiscernibles	Paper
Laurence (Stephen) & Macdonald (Cynthia), Eds.	Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics	Book
Lewis (David)	New Work for a Theory of Universals	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Lewis (David)	Noneism or Allism?	Paper
Lewis (David)	On the Plurality of Worlds (Selections)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Lewis (David)	Philosophical Papers Volume II: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Lewis (David)	The Problem of Temporary Intrinsics	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Loux (Michael)	Concrete Particulars I: Substrata, Bundles, and Substances	Paper	2
Loux (Michael)	Metaphysics - A Contemporary Introduction	Book
Loux (Michael)	The Problem of Universals I: Metaphysical Realism	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Loux (Michael)	The Problem of Universals II: Nominalism	Paper	2, 3, 4
Loux (Michael), Ed.	Metaphysics - Contemporary Readings	Book
Lowe (E.J.)	A Survey of Metaphysics	Book
Lowe (E.J.)	Abstract Entities	Paper	2
Lowe (E.J.)	Matter and Form	Paper	2
Lowe (E.J.)	More Kinds of Being: Preface	Paper	2, 3	Yes
MacBride (Fraser)	The Particular-Universal Distinction: A Dogma of Metaphysics?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
MacBride (Fraser)	What constitutes the numerical diversity of mathematical objects?	Paper
Mackie (J.L.)	Abstract Ideas and Universals	Paper	2
Mackie (J.L.)	Problems from Locke	Book
Markosian (Ned)	What are Physical Objects?	Paper
Maudlin (Tim)	The Metaphysics Within Physics	Book
Maudlin (Tim)	The Metaphysics Within Physics	Paper
Maudlin (Tim)	The Metaphysics Within Physics	Book
Maudlin (Tim)	The Metaphysics Within Physics	Paper
Maurin (Anna-Sofia)	Same But Different	Paper
Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex)	Properties : Introduction	Paper	2
Merricks (Trenton)	Objects & Persons: Preface	Paper		Yes
Moreland (J.P.)	The Problem(s) of Universals	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Moreland (J.P.)	Universals	Book	2, 3, 4
Nuttall (Anthony)	Personality and Poetry	Paper
O'Leary-Hawthorne (John) & Cover (J.A.)	A World of Universals	Paper	2, 3, 4
Olson (Eric)	Review of Lowe's 'The Possibility of Metaphysics'	Paper
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Bundles	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper		Yes
Omnes (Roland)	Quantum Philosophy - Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science	Paper
Pap (Arthur)	Nominalism, Empiricism and Universals - I	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Pap (Arthur)	Nominalism, Empiricism and Universals - II	Paper
Paul (L.A.)	Logical Parts	Paper
Peacocke (Arthur) & Gillett (Grant)	Persons and Personality: Introduction	Paper		Yes
Plantinga (Alvin)	Things and Persons	Paper	2, 3
Quine (W.V.)	From a Logical Point of View	Book	2
Quine (W.V.)	On What There Is	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Quine (W.V.)	Review of Milton Munitz's 'Identity and Individuation'	Paper		Yes
Quinton (Anthony)	Essence	Paper
Quinton (Anthony)	The Nature of Things	Book
Reid (Thomas), Woozley (A.D.), Ed.	Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man	Book
Rescher (Nicholas)	Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy	Book
Rey (Georges)	Meta-atheism: Religious Avowal as Self-Deception	Paper		Yes
Rorty (Richard)	The Invention of the Mind	Paper
Rosen (Gideon)	The Limits of Contingency	Paper	2, 3
Russell (Bertrand)	The Problems of Philosophy	Book	2	Yes
Shapiro (Stewart)	Structure and Identity	Paper
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Immortality	Paper		Yes
Sider (Ted)	Bare Particulars	Paper	2, 3, 4
Sider (Ted)	Naturalness, Intrinsicality, and Duplication	Paper	2
Sider (Ted)	Sparseness, Immanence, and Naturalness	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Sider (Ted)	Tooley’s Solution to the Inference Problem	Paper	2
Sklar (Lawrence)	Naturalism and the Interpretation of Theories	Paper
Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules)	Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?	Paper		Yes
Sprigge (Timothy L.S.)	Internal and External Properties	Paper
Sprigge (Timothy L.S.)	Personal and Impersonal Identity: A Reply to Oderberg	Paper
Strawson (Peter)	The Category Criterion	Paper
Strawson (Peter)	The Distinction Between Particulars and Universals	Paper
Strawson (Peter)	The Introduction of Particulars Into Discourse	Paper
Strawson (Peter)	Universals	Paper	2
Summerford (James)	Neither Universals Nor Nominalism. Kinds and the Problem of Universals	Paper	2
Taylor (A.E.)	The Faith of a Moralist, Volume 2	Book
Teichman (Jenny)	Three Kinds of Realism About Universals	Paper	2, 3, 4
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Evolution	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Partial Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Properties	Paper		Yes
Tooley (Michael)	The Nature of Laws	Paper
Vallicella (William F.)	Bundles and Indiscernibility: A Reply to O’Leary-Hawthorne	Paper
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Composition As Identity	Paper
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Metaphysics	Book	2
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Necessary Being: the Ontological Argument	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean)	Metaphysics: The Big Questions - Preface	Paper	2	Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean)	What Is Metaphysics?	Paper
Wallace (Robert M.)	The Genesis of the Copernican World: Translator's Introduction	Paper		Yes
Williams (Christopher)	Being, Ontology, and Reality	Paper
Williams (Donald C.)	On the Elements of Being: I	Paper

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Aristotle and the Sea Battle	Paper - Cited	Mind, 65 (1956). Original from … Revised version from "From Parmenides to Wittgenstein. Collected Papers, Vol. 1"	Yes
Armstrong (David)	A World-Hypothesis	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 12	No
Armstrong (David)	Acceptance of Conjunctive Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 15	No
Armstrong (David)	Are Particulars Reducible to Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 9	No
Armstrong (David)	Arguments for Realism	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 6	No
Armstrong (David)	Class Nominalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 4	No
Armstrong (David)	Concept Nominalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 3	No
Armstrong (David)	Different Semantic Correlations Between Predicates and Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 17	No
Armstrong (David)	Higher-Order Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 23	No
Armstrong (David)	Higher-Order Relations	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 24	No
Armstrong (David)	In Conclusion (Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)	Paper - Cited	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978	Yes
Armstrong (David)	Introduction to Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977	Yes
Armstrong (David)	Particulars and Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 11	No
Armstrong (David)	Predicate Nominalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 2	No
Armstrong (David)	Predicates	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 1	No
Armstrong (David)	Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 18	No
Armstrong (David)	Properties and Relations as Particulars	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 8	No
Armstrong (David)	Rejection of Disjunctive and Negative Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 14	No
Armstrong (David)	Relations	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 19	No
Armstrong (David)	Relations Between Predicates and Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 13	No
Armstrong (David)	Reply to D.H. Mellor's 'Properties and Predicates'	Paper - By Subtopic	Bacon, Campbell & Reinhardt - Ontology, Causality and Mind	No
Armstrong (David)	Reply to John Bigelow's 'Sets are haecceities'	Paper - By Subtopic	Bacon, Campbell & Reinhardt - Ontology, Causality and Mind	No
Armstrong (David)	Reply to Peter Forrest's 'Just like quarks? The status of repeatables'	Paper - By Subtopic	Bacon, Campbell & Reinhardt - Ontology, Causality and Mind	No
Armstrong (David)	Resemblance Nominalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 5	No
Armstrong (David)	The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978	Yes
Armstrong (David)	The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2 (A Theory of Universals)	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977	Yes
Armstrong (David)	The Identification of Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 16	No
Armstrong (David)	The Lockean Account of Particulars	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 10	No
Armstrong (David)	The Resemblance of Particulars	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 20	No
Armstrong (David)	The Resemblance of Universals (I): Criticism of Received Accounts	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 21	No
Armstrong (David)	The Resemblance of Universals (II): A New Account	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals), 1978, Chapter 22	No
Armstrong (David)	Transcendent Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Armstrong - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism), 1977, Chapter 7	No
Armstrong (David)	Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism)	Book - Cited	Armstrong (David) - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism)	6%
Armstrong (David)	Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)	Book - Cited	Armstrong (David) - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)	4%
Armstrong (David)	Universals as Attributes	Paper - By Subtopic	Loux - Metaphysics - Contemporary Readings	12%
Aune (Bruce)	Linguistic Arguments for Abstracta	Paper - By Subtopic	Aune (Bruce) - Metaphysics: The Elements, Chapter 4	6%
Aune (Bruce)	Metaphysics: The Elements	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Aune (Bruce) - Metaphysics: The Elements	4%
Aune (Bruce)	Metaphysics: The Elements	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	4%
Aune (Bruce)	Universals and Particulars	Paper - Cited	Aune (Bruce) - Metaphysics: The Elements, Chapter 3	6%
Aune (Bruce)	Universals and Predication	Paper - By Subtopic	Gale - Blackwell Guide to Metaphysics, 2002	8%
Azzouni (Jody)	Applied Mathematics and Ontology	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 9	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Applying Mathematics: Two Models	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 8	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Circumventing Commitment to Truth despite Empirical Indispensability	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 2	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Criteria for the Ontological Commitments of Discourse	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 3	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Criteria for What Exists	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 4	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism	Book - By Subtopic	Azzouni (Jody) - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism	2%
Azzouni (Jody)	Deflating Existential Consequence: Conclusion	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Conclusion	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Deflating Existential Consequence: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Introduction	50%
Azzouni (Jody)	Ontological Commitment and the Vernacular: Some Warnings	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 5	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Posits and Existence	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 7	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Posits and the Epistemic Burdens They Bear	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 6	No
Azzouni (Jody)	Why Empirically Indispensable Mathematical Doctrine and (Some) Scientific Law Must Be Taken as True: Preliminary Considerations	Paper - By Subtopic	Azzoumi - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism, 2004, Chapter 1	No
Bacon (John), Campbell (Keith) & Reinhardt (Lloyd)	Ontology, Causality and Mind	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Bacon (John), Campbell (Keith) & Reinhardt (Lloyd) - Ontology, Causality and Mind	4%
Baillie (James)	Problems in Personal Identity	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	45%
Baillie (James)	What Am I?	Paper - Cited	Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity, 1993, Chapter 4	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Response to Eric Olson	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes
Bealer (George)	Universals and Properties	Paper - Cited	Laurence & Macdonald - Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics	No
Bigelow (John)	Sets are haecceities	Paper - By Subtopic	Bacon, Campbell & Reinhardt - Ontology, Causality and Mind	No
Bigelow (John) & Pargetter (Robert)	A Theory of Structural Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Laurence & Macdonald - Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics	No
Brown (Donald E.)	Human Universals (Extract)	Paper - By Subtopic	Marcus (G.) - The Norton Psychology Reader, Chapter 15 ("Culture")	No
Butchvarov (Panayot)	Being Qua Being	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	3%
Butchvarov (Panayot)	Being Qua Being: Introduction	Paper - Cited	Butchvarov - Being Qua Being, 1979, Introduction	Yes
Campbell (Keith)	The Metaphysic of Abstract Particulars	Paper - By Subtopic	Mellor & Oliver - Properties - Oxford Readings	12%
Carter (William)	Substance	Paper - By Subtopic	Carter - The Elements of Metaphysics, 1990, Chapter 4	No
Carter (William)	The Elements of Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Carter (William) - The Elements of Metaphysics	No
Crane (Tim)	Metaphysics: Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Grayling - Philosophy 1 - A Guide Through the Subject, 1998, Chapter 4 (part)	No
Crane (Tim) & Farkas (Katalin)	Universals and Particulars: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Crane and Farkas - Metaphysics - a guide and anthology, 2004, pp. 217-226	Yes
Curd (Martin) & Cover (J.A.)	Philosophy of Science - The Central Issues	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Curd (Martin) & Cover (J.A.) - Philosophy of Science - The Central Issues	0%
Doyle (Robert O.)	Abstract Entities	Paper - By Subtopic	Personal Website	No
Ellis (Brian)	Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Ratio 18.4, December 2005, pp. 462-472(11)	No
Fine (Gail)	On Ideas - Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Fine (Gail) - On Ideas - Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms	11%
Fine (Gail)	The Arguments from the Sciences: Forms and Knowledge	Paper - By Subtopic	Fine - On Ideas - Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms, 1993, Chapter 5	No
Fine (Kit)	A Counter-Example To Locke's Thesis	Paper - Cited	Monist, Jul2000, Vol. 83 Issue 3, p357, 5p	Yes
Forrest (Peter)	Just like quarks? The status of repeatables	Paper - By Subtopic	Bacon, Campbell & Reinhardt - Ontology, Causality and Mind	No
Funkhouser (Eric)	Metaphysics, Spring 2014	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014	94%
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Armstrong, 'Universals as Attributes'	Paper - By Subtopic	Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014	No
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Lewis, 'New Work for a Theory of Universals'	Paper - By Subtopic	Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014	No
Gale (Richard), Ed.	The Blackwell Guide to Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Gale (Richard), Ed. - The Blackwell Guide to Metaphysics	4%
Gellner (Ernest)	Relativism and Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Hollis & Lukes - Rationality and Relativism	No
Grayling (Anthony), Ed.	Philosophy 1 - A Guide Through the Subject	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Grayling (Anthony), Ed. - Philosophy 1 - A Guide Through the Subject	28%
Grossmann (Reinhardt)	Russell's Paradox and Complex Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Noûs, Vol. 6, No. 2 (May, 1972), pp. 153-164	No
Hale (Bob)	Introduction to Abstracta	Paper - By Subtopic	Hales (Steven D.), Ed. - Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings	No
Hales (Steven D.), Ed.	Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hales (Steven D.), Ed. - Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings	6%
Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne), Eds.	Persistence : Contemporary Readings	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	30%
Hawley (Katherine)	David Lewis on Persistence	Paper - Referencing	Blackwell Companion to David Lewis, edited by Barry Loewer and Jonathan Schaffer, 2015	44%
Hawley (Katherine)	Mereology, Modality and Magic	Paper - Referencing	St. Andrews' Website; Australasian Journal of Philosophy 88.1 (March 2010), 117-133	13%
Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander)	What are Natural Kinds?	Paper - Cited	St. Andrews' Website; Philosophical Perspectives 25.1 (2011), 205-221.	17%
Hollis (Martin) & Lukes (Steven)	Rationality and Relativism	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hollis (Martin) & Lukes (Steven) - Rationality and Relativism	0%
Jackson (Frank)	Statements About Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Mellor & Oliver - Properties - Oxford Readings	No
Kurtz (Roxanne)	Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?	Paper - Referencing	Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne) - Persistence : Contemporary Readings	Yes
Laurence (Stephen) & Macdonald (Cynthia), Eds.	Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Laurence (Stephen) & Macdonald (Cynthia), Eds. - Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics	0%
Laurence (Stephen) & Macdonald (Cynthia), Eds.	Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	0%
Lewis (David)	Against Structural Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Lewis - Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology	No
Lewis (David)	New Work for a Theory of Universals	Paper - Referencing	Lewis - Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology	23%
Lewis (David)	Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Lewis (David) - Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology	5%
Lewis (David)	Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	5%
Lewis (David)	Philosophical Papers Volume II	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	15%
Lewis (David)	Philosophical Papers Volume II: Introduction	Paper - Referencing	Lewis - Philosophical Papers Volume II, Introduction	Yes
Loux (Michael)	Metaphysics - A Contemporary Introduction	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Loux (Michael) - Metaphysics - A Contemporary Introduction	5%
Loux (Michael)	The Problem of Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Loux - Metaphysics - Contemporary Readings	No
Loux (Michael)	The Problem of Universals I: Metaphysical Realism	Paper - By Subtopic	Loux - Metaphysics - A Contemporary Introduction, Second Edition, 2002, Chapter 1	7%
Loux (Michael)	The Problem of Universals II: Nominalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Loux - Metaphysics - A Contemporary Introduction, Second Edition, 2002, Chapter 2	6%
Loux (Michael), Ed.	Metaphysics - Contemporary Readings	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Loux (Michael), Ed. - Metaphysics - Contemporary Readings	1%
MacBride (Fraser)	The Particular-Universal Distinction: A Dogma of Metaphysics?	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 114, Number 455, July 2005, pp. 565-614(50)	No
MacBride (Fraser)	What constitutes the numerical diversity of mathematical objects?	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis 66, January 2006, pp. 63-69(7)	No
MacBride (Fraser)	Where are particulars and universals?	Paper - By Subtopic	Dialectica 52:3 1998, 203-227.	No
Marcus (Gary)	The Norton Psychology Reader	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Marcus (Gary) - The Norton Psychology Reader	3%
Markosian (Ned)	Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity	Paper - Cited	Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil)	Yes
Martin (Michael G.F.), Ed.	Mind - 114/455 (July 2005)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Martin (Michael G.F.), Ed. - Mind - 114/455 (July 2005)	No
Mellor (D.H.)	Necessities and Universals in Natural Laws	Paper - By Subtopic	Curd & Cover - Philosophy of Science - The Central Issues	No
Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex), Eds.	Properties: Oxford Readings in Philosophy	Book - Cited	Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex), Eds. - Properties: Oxford Readings in Philosophy	0%
Moreland (J.P.)	Extreme Nominalism and Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland - Universals, 2001, Chapter 2	Yes
Moreland (J.P.)	Minimalist Realism: Wolterstorff's Kinds and Armstrong's Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland - Universals, 2001, Chapter 4	No
Moreland (J.P.)	Moderate Nominalism and Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland - Universals, 2001, Chapter 3	14%
Moreland (J.P.)	The Individuation of Particulars	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland - Universals, 2001, Chapter 7	No
Moreland (J.P.)	The Problem(s) of Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland - Universals, 2001, Chapter 1	Yes
Moreland (J.P.)	Traditional Realism: Issues and Objections	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland - Universals, 2001, Chapter 6	No
Moreland (J.P.)	Traditional Realism: Properties are Abstract Objects	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland - Universals, 2001, Chapter 5	No
Moreland (J.P.)	Universals	Book - Cited	Moreland (J.P.) - Universals	20%
O'Leary-Hawthorne (John) & Cover (J.A.)	A World of Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies Vol. 91, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp. 205-219	No
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric), Etc.	Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Price (H.H.)	Universals and Resemblances	Paper - By Subtopic	Van Inwagen & Zimmerman - Metaphysics: The Big Questions, 1998	No
Quine (W.V.)	From a Logical Point of View	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Quine (W.V.) - From a Logical Point of View	21%
Quine (W.V.)	On What There Is	Paper - By Subtopic	Quine - From a Logical Point of View	Yes
Quine (W.V.)	Soft Impeachment Disowned	Paper - By Subtopic	Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61 (1980) pp. 450-451	No
Ramsey (Frank)	Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Mellor & Oliver - Properties - Oxford Readings	No
Ramsey (Frank)	Universals of Law and of Fact	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical papers / F. P. Ramsey ; edited by D. H. Mellor	No
Russell (Bertrand)	On Our Knowledge of Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Mellor & Oliver - Properties - Oxford Readings	No
Russell (Bertrand)	The Problems of Philosophy	Book - Cited	Russell (Bertrand) - The Problems of Philosophy	Yes
Russell (Bertrand)	The World of Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Mellor & Oliver - Properties - Oxford Readings	No
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Immortality	Paper - By Subtopic	Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction, 2009, Chapter 1	Yes
Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules)	Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?	Paper - Referencing	BBC Website, April 2015	Yes
Strawson (Peter)	Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Strawson (Peter) - Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics	4%
Strawson (Peter)	The Distinction Between Particulars and Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Strawson - Individuals, Chapter 5.0	No
Stump (Eleonore) & Murray (Michael J.)	Philosophy of Religion: The Big Questions	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	7%
Summerford (James)	Neither Universals Nor Nominalism. Kinds and the Problem of Universals	Paper - By Subtopic	Metaphysica 4.1 (2003), pp. 101-126	No
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Universals	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Necessary Being: the Ontological Argument	Paper - Referencing	Stump (Eleanore) & Murray (Michael J.) - Philosophy of Religion: The Big Questions	Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean)	Metaphysics: The Big Questions	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean) - Metaphysics: The Big Questions	17%
Zuboff (Arnold)	Moment Universals and Personal Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 52, 1978, 141-55	No

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