Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Language of Thought

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. According to "Dennett (Daniel) - Conditions of Personhood", Linguistic competence is one of the six essential features of personhood. It seems there are two reasons for this:-
     1. One is communication, as the formation of and participation in societies are essential to the flourishing of persons².
     2. The other is that the sort of self-reflection needed for personhood allegedly requires language.
        
  2. In response:-
     1. I believe there can be non-verbal communication between higher animals – especially those that are candidates for personhood (maybe of reduced degree³) – indeed, this must be the case for social beings.
     2. Also, cogitation doesn’t require the ability to verbalise if there’s such a thing as a language of Thought. Our conscious thoughts do seem to involve internalised spoken language, but maybe our unconscious ones don’t.
        
  3. So, the relevance of Jerry Fodor’s Language of Thought (LOT) hypothesis within the sphere of personal identity arises because of the alleged essentiality of language for personhood. As such, all non-human animals⁴ would be ruled out because even if certain Great Apes can be taught sign-language, this is not natural to them in the way language is to human beings.
  4. It is also often alleged (eg. by Donald Davidson) that animals cannot even think in the absence of language, because thinking requires concepts⁵, and concepts are only expressed in language.
  5. These (to me) unwanted conclusions might disappear if all animals whose minds appear to have intensional states should have a language of thought.
  6. I don’t know whether Fodor cares about animals in this context, or whether his theory was designed strictly with human beings⁶ in mind.
  7. I like the idea that a LOT – which initially only helps an individual – might explain how spoken language arose amongst human beings – given that a spoken language requires a pair of speakers before it becomes useful (even if grunts and other vocalisations don’t). If a language of thought spilled out into vocalisation, even though individual vocalisations might be initially mutually-unintelligible, a conventional speech (constrained only by universal grammar) might naturally arise with the co-operative behaviour germane to social animals.
  8. See "Rescorla (Michael) - The Language of Thought Hypothesis" for an overview.

• ---

  Further Remarks:
  1. I’ve been in two minds as to whether to make this Note cover both Language per se or Language of Thought in particular, and whether to include lots of references to the philosophy of Language in my Reading Lists.
  2. In the end – while I have an interest in Language and Languages – I’ve decided that this would take me too far out of the way as far as my Thesis on Personal Identity is concerned.
  3. There may be occasional references to Language, but in general this note will focus on Language of Thought, for the reasons below.
  4. A few connections to be followed up:-
     1. Baker - The Human Animal: Big-Tent Metaphysics⁷
     2. Brandom - Toward a Normative Pragmatics (Introduction)⁸
     3. Daniel Dennett – Conditions of Personhood⁹
     4. Implicit knowledge and language learning¹⁰
     5. Jen_071022 (Dennett)¹¹
     6. Jen_080204 (Brandom, Chisholm, Baillie)¹²
     7. Daniel Dennett has some interesting things to say about the LOT in "Dennett (Daniel) - Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking", Chapter 23 (“Trapped In the Robot Control Room”).
        
  5. Jerry Fodor’s Language of Thought (LOT) hypothesis features heavily in debates in the philosophy of mind – particularly in the debates between connectionists and computationalists – but cannot be followed up here.
  6. Currently, items I’ve read include some fairly random items that have missed the cut. I’ve not yet included any general items in the Philosophy of Language or Linguistics, but may do so in due course.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Dennett (Daniel) - Conditions of Personhood", 1997, Write-Up Note¹³, Annotations, Read
  2. "Rescorla (Michael) - The Language of Thought Hypothesis", 2019, External Link, Read = 7%
• For a Page of Links¹⁴ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁵, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Aeon - Video - How to study 'talking' dogs", 2025, External Link
    2. "Aeon - Video - The art of two-way art", 2023, External Link
    3. "Cacciafoco (Francesco Perono) - The lonely life of a glyph-breaker", 2025, External Link
    4. "Cole (Alan) - Video - Can apes really 'talk' to humans?", 2018, External Link
    5. "Fassberg (Teddy) - I am an article about the speaking objects of ancient Greece", 2024, External Link
    6. "Gismundi (Antonella) - Speaking a different language can change how you act and feel", 2024, External Link
    7. "Goldin-Meadow (Susan) - Expert tips on using gestures to think and talk more effectively", 2024, External Link
    8. "Ham (Paul) - Censoring offensive language threatens our freedom to think", 2024, External Link
    9. "Jabbari (Alexander) - After the mother tongues", 2023, External Link
    10. "Knight (Chris) - The two Chomskys", 2023, External Link
    11. "Mahant (Nikhil) - Extraterrestrial tongues", 2025, External Link
    12. "McElvenny (James) - Our language, our world", 2024, External Link
    13. "Saraceni (Mario) - The problem with English", 2023, External Link
    14. "Sartwell (Crispin) - The post-linguistic turn", 2023, External Link
    15. "Sedivy (Julie) - Why every utterance you make begins with a leap of faith", 2024, External Link
    16. "Stiefel (Klaus M.) - The tentacles of language are always on the move", 2024, External Link
  • General:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Dennett (Daniel) - Conditions of Personhood", 1997, Write-Up Note¹⁶, Annotations
    3. "Fodor (Jerry) - Psychosemantics", 1987, Book, Footnote₁₇
  • Innateness:
    1. "Evans (Vyvyan) - Aeon - Video - Real talk", 2014, External Link
    2. "Everett (Daniel) - Chomsky, Wolfe and me", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Pinker (Steven) - The Language Instinct - How the Mind Creates Language", 1994, Book
  • LOT:
    1. "Fodor (Jerry) - Why There Still Has to be a Language of Thought", 1987, No Abstract
    2. "Rowlands (Mark) - Connectionism and the Language of Thought", 1994, Internal PDF Link
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Dennett (Daniel) - Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking", 2014, Book, Read = 4%
    2. "Pinker (Steven) - Words and Rules - The Ingredients of Language", 1999, Book
  • Innateness:
    1. "Viger (Christopher) - Learning to Think: A Response to the Language of Thought Argument for Innateness", 2005, Internal PDF Link
  • LOT:
    1. "Aydede (Murat) - The Language of Thought Hypothesis", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    2. "Camp (Elisabeth) - A language of baboon thought?", 2009, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    3. "Carruthers (Peter) - Language, Thought and Consciousness", 1996, Book, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Carruthers (Peter) & Boucher (Jill) - Language and Thought", 1998, Book
    5. "Clark (Andy) - Language of Thought", 1994, Read = 33%
    6. "Davies (Martin) - Concepts, Connectionism, and the Language of Thought", 1991, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Davies (Martin) - Language, thought, and the language of thought: Aunty's own argument revisited", 1998, Internal PDF Link
    8. "DeWitt (Richard) - Vagueness, Semantics, and the Language of Thought (Review of Jerry Fodor, George Miller, & D. Terence Langendoen - Language of Thought )", 1993, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Fodor (Jerry) - The Language of Thought", 1976, Book, Read = 2%
    10. "Hills (David) - Mental Representations and Language of Thought", 1981, No Abstract
    11. "Horgan (Terence) & Tienson (John) - Why There Still Has to be a Language of Thought, and What That Means", 1996, No Abstract, Read = 19%
    12. "Laurence (Stephen) & Margolis (Eric) - Regress Arguments Against the Language of Thought", 1997, Internal PDF Link
    13. "Lycan (William) - The 'Language of Thought' Hypothesis - Introduction", 1999, No Abstract
    14. "Maloney (J. Christopher) - Language of Thought", 1994, No Abstract
    15. "Pollock (John L.) - The Language of Thought", 1989
    16. "Pollock (John L.) - Understanding the Language of Thought", 1990, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Rescorla (Michael) - The Language of Thought Hypothesis", 2019, External Link, Read = 7%
    18. "Rey (Georges) - Sensations in a Language of Thought", 1991, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    19. "Smolensky (Paul) - Connectionism, Constituency and the Language of Thought", 1995, No Abstract
    20. "Swinburne (Richard) - Language of Thought, Connectionism, and Folk Psychology", 1997, No Abstract
  • Protolanguage:
    1. "Bickerton (Derek) - How Protolanguage Became Language", 2009, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Cangelosi (Angelo) & Parisi (Domenico), Eds. - Simulating the Evolution of Language", 2002, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link, Read = 2%
    3. "Chomsky (Noam) - Biolinguistic Explorations: Design, Development, Evolution", 2007, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Davidson (Donald) - The Emergence of Thought", 1999, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    5. "Wray (Alison) - Holistic Utterances in Protolanguage: The Link from Primates to Humans", 2009, Internal PDF Link
• For further papers held on-line of potential interest, follow this Link¹⁸. Total papers = 1.

  ---

• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read:
     • Aeon:
       1. "Garcia-Amaya (Lorenzo) - Video - Why do we, like, hesitate when we, um, speak?", 2021, External Link, Missed Cut: Interesting but irrelevant
       2. "Huenemann (Charlie) - Who needs a perfect language? It’s already perfectly imperfect", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Missed Cut: Interesting but irrelevant
     • General:
       1. "Kahn-Harris (Keith) - The Babel Message: A Love Letter to Language", 2021, Book, Missed Cut: Interesting but irrelevant
       2. "Kahn-Harris (Keith) - The pleasure in not understanding a language can be awesome", 2022, External Link, Missed Cut: Interesting but irrelevant
  2. Further Reading:
     • LOT:
       1. "Kaye (Larry) - The Language of Thought", No Abstract, Missed Cut: The Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind website has been deleted, or rehoused where I can't find it.
       2. "Kaye (Larry) - The Language of Thought - Annotated Bibliography", No Abstract, Missed Cut: The Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind website has been deleted, or rehoused where I can't find it.
• This is mostly a place-holder¹⁹.

---

In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 17:

• Especially "Fodor (Jerry) - Why There Still Has to be a Language of Thought".

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Table of the Previous 6 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	6490	Language of Thought
04/05/2022 11:19:41	4312	Language of Thought
14/02/2021 12:51:50	3801	Language of Thought
28/09/2020 13:06:14	2932	Language of Thought
06/03/2018 21:21:36	4085	Language of Thought
04/07/2014 22:46:34	1705	Language of Thought

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Language of Thought	Person

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animals	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Baker - The Human Animal: Big-Tent Metaphysics	Brandom - Toward a Normative Pragmatics (Introduction)	Concepts
Daniel Dennett – Conditions of Personhood	Degrees of Personhood	Human Beings	Implicit knowledge and language learning	Jen_071022 (Dennett)
Jen_080204 (Brandom, Chisholm, Baillie)	Note Links Explanation	Person	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage	Plug Note Apologia
Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Aeon Papers, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	Baker - Materialism with a Human Face	Baker - Persons in the Material World	Computers	Dennett - True Believers, 2
Person	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15	Psychopathology	Status: Personal Identity (2025 - September)	Status: Priority Task List (2025 - November)
Status: Summary (2025 - September)	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5	Thought
Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Aeon	Video - How to study 'talking' dogs	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Materialism with a Human Face	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper		Yes
Cacciafoco (Francesco Perono)	The lonely life of a glyph-breaker	Paper		Yes
Cole (Alan)	Video - Can apes really 'talk' to humans?	Paper		Yes
Dennett (Daniel)	True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works	Paper	2	Yes
Evans (Vyvyan)	Aeon - Video - Real talk	Paper		Yes
Fassberg (Teddy)	I am an article about the speaking objects of ancient Greece	Paper		Yes
Gismundi (Antonella)	Speaking a different language can change how you act and feel	Paper		Yes
Glaser (Eliane)	Our narrative prison	Paper		Yes
Godfrey-Smith (Peter)	Other Minds: The Octopus and the Evolution of Intelligent Life	Book		Yes
Goldin-Meadow (Susan)	Expert tips on using gestures to think and talk more effectively	Paper		Yes
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	Yes
Hanley (Richard)	The Metaphysics of Star Trek: Introduction: The Philosophic Enterprise	Paper		Yes
Hanley (Richard)	The Metaphysics of Star Trek: Pro Creation	Paper
Knight (Chris)	The two Chomskys	Paper		Yes
Lyons (Siobhan)	Death and the Machine: Intersections of Mortality and Robotics	Book
Mahant (Nikhil)	Extraterrestrial tongues	Paper		Yes
McElvenny (James)	Our language, our world	Paper		Yes
Mithen (Steven)	This is what a Neanderthal conversation would have sounded like	Paper		Yes
Moynihan (Thomas)	Thanks for all the fish	Paper		Yes
Pena-Guzman (David M.)	The dreams of animals	Paper		Yes
Petersen (Jennifer)	Can algorithms speak? And should their opinions be protected?	Paper		Yes
Rowlands (Mark)	Connectionism and the Language of Thought	Paper		Yes
Sedivy (Julie)	Why every utterance you make begins with a leap of faith	Paper		Yes
Stiefel (Klaus M.)	The tentacles of language are always on the move	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Computers	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Person	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Psychopathology	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Thought	Paper		Yes
Tolhurst (Bryony)	You can think like an animal by silencing your chattering brain	Paper		Yes
Velasco (Pablo Fernandez) & Loev (Slawa)	How ‘feelings about thinking’ help us navigate our world	Paper		Yes
Westbury (Chris F.)	Why do beautiful people also seem smart and likeable?	Paper		Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Aeon	Video - How to study 'talking' dogs	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 05 May 2025	Yes
Aeon	Video - How to study 'talking' dogs	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 05 May 2025	Yes
Aeon	Video - The art of two-way art	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 06 April 2023	Yes
Aydede (Murat)	The Language of Thought Hypothesis	Paper - By Subtopic	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2010	7%
Baggini (Julian), Ed.	Words and Worlds: New Directions in the Philosophy of Language	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Baggini (Julian), Ed. - Words and Worlds: New Directions in the Philosophy of Language	No
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Materialism with a Human Face	Paper - Referencing	Corcoran - Soul, Body and Survival, Chapter 10	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper - Referencing	Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 1, pp. 3-88	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Cited	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Bermudez (Jose Luis)	Thinking Without Words	Book - By Subtopic	Bermudez (Jose Luis) - Thinking Without Words	6%
Bermudez (Jose Luis)	Thinking Without Words: Preface	Paper - By Subtopic	Bermudez (Jose Luis) - Thinking Without Words	56%
Bickerton (Derek)	How Protolanguage Became Language	Paper - By Subtopic	Knight (Etc, Eds) - The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form, 24 November 2009	No
Blakemore (Colin) & Greenfield (Susan), Eds.	Mindwaves: Thoughts on Intelligence, Identity and Consciousness	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Blakemore (Colin) & Greenfield (Susan), Eds. - Mindwaves: Thoughts on Intelligence, Identity and Consciousness	0%
Borg (Emma)	What Is It to Be Responsible for What You Say?	Paper - By Subtopic	Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, Volume 95 (Words and Worlds) - 2024, pp. 107-126	No
Burling (Robbins)	The Talking Ape: How Language Evolved	Book - By Subtopic	Burling (Robbins) - The Talking Ape: How Language Evolved	0%
Cacciafoco (Francesco Perono)	The lonely life of a glyph-breaker	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 07 April 2025	Yes
Cacciafoco (Francesco Perono)	The lonely life of a glyph-breaker	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 07 April 2025	Yes
Camp (Elisabeth)	A language of baboon thought?	Paper - By Subtopic	Robert W. Lurz (ed.), The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Cambridge University Press (2009), Chapter 6	6%
Cangelosi (Angelo) & Parisi (Domenico), Eds.	Simulating the Evolution of Language	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Cangelosi (Angelo) & Parisi (Domenico), Eds. - Simulating the Evolution of Language	1%
Cangelosi (Angelo) & Parisi (Domenico), Eds.	Simulating the Evolution of Language	Paper - By Subtopic	Cangelosi (Angelo) & Parisi (Domenico), Eds. - Simulating the Evolution of Language, 2002	2%
Carruthers (Peter)	Language, Thought and Consciousness	Book - Cited	Carruthers (Peter) - Language, Thought and Consciousness	No
Carruthers (Peter)	The Involvement of Language in Conscious Thinking	Paper - By Subtopic	Carruthers - Language, Thought and Consciousness, Chapter 8	No
Carruthers (Peter)	Thinking in language? Evolution and a modularist possibility	Paper - By Subtopic	Carruthers & Boucher - Language and Thought, 1998	No
Carruthers (Peter) & Boucher (Jill)	Language and Thought	Book - Cited	Carruthers (Peter) & Boucher (Jill) - Language and Thought	No
Chomsky (Noam)	Biolinguistic Explorations: Design, Development, Evolution	Paper - By Subtopic	International Journal of Philosophical Studies, Volume 15, Issue 1 March 2007 , pages 1 - 21	No
Clark (Andy)	Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	Guttenplan - A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind	33%
Clark (Andy)	Magic words: how language augments human computation	Paper - By Subtopic	Carruthers & Boucher - Language and Thought, 1998	No
Cole (Alan)	Video - Can apes really 'talk' to humans?	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 15 October 2018	Yes
Cole (Alan)	Video - Can apes really 'talk' to humans?	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 15 October 2018	Yes
Corcoran (Kevin), Ed.	Soul, Body and Survival: Essays on the Metaphysics of Human Persons	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	99%
Davies (Martin)	Concepts, Connectionism, and the Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	In W. Ramsey, S. Stich and D. Rumelhart (eds), Philosophy and Connectionist Theory (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 229-257	No
Davies (Martin)	Language, thought, and the language of thought: Aunty's own argument revisited	Paper - By Subtopic	Carruthers & Boucher - Language and Thought, 1998	No
Dennett (Daniel)	Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	43%
Dennett (Daniel)	Conditions of Personhood	Paper - Cited	Dennett - Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology, Chapter 14, 1976	Yes
Dennett (Daniel)	Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking	Book - Cited	Dennett (Daniel) - Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking	4%
DeWitt (Richard)	Vagueness, Semantics, and the Language of Thought (Review of Jerry Fodor, George Miller, & D. Terence Langendoen - Language of Thought )	Paper - By Subtopic	Psyche, 1(1), December 1993	No
Evans (Vyvyan)	Aeon - Video - Real talk	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 04 December 2014	Yes
Evans (Vyvyan)	Aeon - Video - Real talk	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 04 December 2014	Yes
Everett (Daniel)	Chomsky, Wolfe and me	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 10 January, 2017	Yes
Fassberg (Teddy)	I am an article about the speaking objects of ancient Greece	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 18 November 2024	Yes
Fodor (Jerry)	Psychosemantics	Book - Cited	Fodor (Jerry) - Psychosemantics	Yes
Fodor (Jerry)	The Language of Thought	Book - By Subtopic	Fodor (Jerry) - The Language of Thought	2%
Fodor (Jerry)	The Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	Fodor - The Language of Thought	4%
Fodor (Jerry)	Why There Still Has to be a Language of Thought	Paper - Cited	Fodor - Psychosemantics, Appendix	Yes
Forsey (Jane)	Humans and Dumb Animals	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy Now – Issue 25, 1999	Yes
Garcia-Amaya (Lorenzo)	Video - Why do we, like, hesitate when we, um, speak?	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 10 May 2021	Yes
Gismundi (Antonella)	Speaking a different language can change how you act and feel	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 31 October 2024	Yes
Gismundi (Antonella)	Speaking a different language can change how you act and feel	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 31 October 2024	Yes
Glaser (Eliane)	Our narrative prison	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 13 May 2025	Yes
Goldin-Meadow (Susan)	Expert tips on using gestures to think and talk more effectively	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 25 September 2024	Yes
Goldin-Meadow (Susan)	Expert tips on using gestures to think and talk more effectively	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 25 September 2024	Yes
Goldin-Meadow (Susan) & Zheng (Ming-Yu)	Thought before language: the expression of motion events prior to the impact of a conventional language model	Paper - By Subtopic	Carruthers & Boucher - Language and Thought, 1998	No
Guttenplan (Samuel), Ed.	A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Guttenplan (Samuel), Ed. - A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind	1%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper - Referencing	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon	Yes
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: A-B (& General)	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: C-F	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: C-F	51%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: G-K	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	31%
Ham (Paul)	Censoring offensive language threatens our freedom to think	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 08 April 2024	Yes
Horgan (Terence) & Tienson (John)	Connectionism and the Philosophy of Psychology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Horgan (Terence) & Tienson (John) - Connectionism and the Philosophy of Psychology	15%
Horgan (Terence) & Tienson (John)	Why There Still Has to be a Language of Thought, and What That Means	Paper - By Subtopic	Horgan & Tienson - Connectionism and the Philosophy of Psychology, 1996, Chapter 5	19%
Huenemann (Charlie)	Who needs a perfect language? It’s already perfectly imperfect	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 30 May, 2017	Yes
Jabbari (Alexander)	After the mother tongues	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 07 March 2023	Yes
Jackendoff (Ray)	What is a Concept, That a Person May Grasp It?	Paper - By Subtopic	Margolis & Laurence - Concepts - Core Readings	No
Kahn-Harris (Keith)	The Babel Message: A Love Letter to Language	Book - Cited	Kahn-Harris (Keith) - The Babel Message: A Love Letter to Language	Yes
Kahn-Harris (Keith)	The Babel Message: A Love Letter to Language	Paper - By Subtopic	Khan-Harris (Keith) - The Babel Message: A Love Letter to Language	Yes
Kahn-Harris (Keith)	The pleasure in not understanding a language can be awesome	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 19 January 2022	Yes
Kaye (Larry)	The Language of Thought	Paper - Cited	Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind	No
Kaye (Larry)	The Language of Thought - Annotated Bibliography	Paper - By Subtopic	Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind	No
Knight (Chris)	The two Chomskys	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 04 December 2023	Yes
Knight (Chris)	The two Chomskys	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 04 December 2023	Yes
Laurence (Stephen) & Margolis (Eric)	Regress Arguments Against the Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis 57.1, Jan 1997, p60, 7p	No
Lieberman (Philip)	Eve Spoke - Human Language and Human Evolution	Book - By Subtopic	Lieberman (Philip) - Eve Spoke - Human Language and Human Evolution	No
Lurz (Robert), Ed.	The Philosophy of Animal Minds	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Lurz (Robert), Ed. - The Philosophy of Animal Minds	4%
Lycan (William)	Mind and Cognition - An Anthology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Lycan (William) - Mind and Cognition - An Anthology	1%
Lycan (William)	The 'Language of Thought' Hypothesis - Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Lycan - Mind and Cognition - An Anthology, 1999	No
MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham), Eds.	Connectionism: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Vol. 2	Book - By Subtopic	MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham), Eds. - Connectionism: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Vol. 2	3%
Mahant (Nikhil)	Extraterrestrial tongues	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 09 May 2025	Yes
Mahant (Nikhil)	Extraterrestrial tongues	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 09 May 2025	Yes
Margolis (Eric) & Laurence (Stephen), Eds.	Concepts - Core Readings	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Margolis (Eric) & Laurence (Stephen), Eds. - Concepts - Core Readings	No
McElvenny (James)	Our language, our world	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 15 January 2024	Yes
McElvenny (James)	Our language, our world	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 15 January 2024	Yes
Mithen (Steven)	This is what a Neanderthal conversation would have sounded like	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 03 June 2024	Yes
Moynihan (Thomas)	Thanks for all the fish	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 18 March 2021	Yes
Noe (Alva)	Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Noe (Alva) - Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness	8%
Noe (Alva)	Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness	Paper - By Subtopic	Noe (Alva) - Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness	11%
Pena-Guzman (David M.)	The dreams of animals	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 07 June 2022	Yes
Petersen (Jennifer)	Can algorithms speak? And should their opinions be protected?	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 07 June 2022	Yes
Phillips (Patrick)	Talking to the Animals	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy Now – Issue 18, 1997	Yes
Pinker (Steven)	The Language Instinct - How the Mind Creates Language	Book - Cited	Pinker (Steven) - The Language Instinct - How the Mind Creates Language	Yes
Pinker (Steven)	Words and Rules - The Ingredients of Language	Book - Cited	Pinker (Steven) - Words and Rules - The Ingredients of Language	No
Pollock (John L.)	How to Build a Person: A Prolegomenon	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Pollock (John L.) - How to Build a Person: A Prolegomenon	4%
Pollock (John L.)	Interest-Driven Reasoning	Paper - By Subtopic	Synthese, Vol. 74, No. 3, Internalism (Mar., 1988), pp. 369-390	No
Pollock (John L.)	The Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	Pollock - How to Build a Person, Chapter 5	No
Pollock (John L.)	Understanding the Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies, Vol. 58, No. 1/2, Symposium on Thought and Reference (Jan. - Feb., 1990), pp. 95-120	No
Rescorla (Michael)	The Language of Thought Hypothesis	Paper - Cited	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Tue May 28, 2019	7%
Rey (Georges)	Sensations in a Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Issues, Vol. 1, Consciousness, 1991, pp. 73-112	No
Rowlands (Mark)	Connectionism and the Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 45, No. 2, Jun., 1994, pp. 485-503	Yes
Saraceni (Mario)	The problem with English	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 16 March 2023	Yes
Sartwell (Crispin)	The post-linguistic turn	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 16 May 2023	Yes
Searle (John)	The Rediscovery of the Mind	Book - By Subtopic	Searle (John) - The Rediscovery of the Mind	15%
Sedivy (Julie)	Why every utterance you make begins with a leap of faith	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 02 December 2024	Yes
Sedivy (Julie)	Why every utterance you make begins with a leap of faith	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 02 December 2024	Yes
Smolensky (Paul)	Connectionism, Constituency and the Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic	MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham) - Connectionism: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Vol. 2	No
Stiefel (Klaus M.)	The tentacles of language are always on the move	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 15 October 2024	Yes
Stiefel (Klaus M.)	The tentacles of language are always on the move	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 15 October 2024	Yes
Terrace (Herbert)	Thoughts Without Words	Paper - By Subtopic	Blakemore & Greenfield - Mindwaves	No
Todman (Theo)	Poverty of Stimulus Arguments	Paper - By Subtopic		25%
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Language of Thought	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tolhurst (Bryony)	You can think like an animal by silencing your chattering brain	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 19 December 2024	Yes
Velasco (Pablo Fernandez) & Loev (Slawa)	How ‘feelings about thinking’ help us navigate our world	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 02 May 2024	Yes
Viger (Christopher)	Learning to Think: A Response to the Language of Thought Argument for Innateness	Paper - Cited	Mind and Language, Volume 20, Number 3, June 2005, pp. 313-325(13)	No
Wells (J'aime)	Language-Using Apes	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy Now – Issue 89, 2012	Yes
Westbury (Chris F.)	Why do beautiful people also seem smart and likeable?	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 05 May 2025	Yes
Wray (Alison)	Holistic Utterances in Protolanguage: The Link from Primates to Humans	Paper - By Subtopic	Knight (Etc, Eds) - The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form	No

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