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Personal Identity

Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)

(Text as at 29/03/2021 19:23:31)

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Abstract




Research Methodology


Chapter Introduction
  1. I need to discuss the logic of identity4, survival and persistence, and even whether identity matters in survival.
  2. Substances and sortals are central to the persistence of anything, and in particular to my claim that persons are phase sortals of human animals (the substances).
  3. The question of Natural Kinds arises in considering whether PERSON is a natural kind concept.
  4. Certain four-dimensional approaches to persistence do away with the substance concept, but I discuss this issue in the next Chapter.



Links to Notes
  1. Metaphysics5
  2. Logic of Identity6
    1. Numerical Identity7
    2. Only 'X' and 'Y' Principle8
    3. Similarity9
    4. Heterodox Views
  3. Change18
    1. Causality19
    2. Closest Continuer20
    3. Continuity21
    4. Criteria of Identity22
    5. Intermittent Objects23
    6. Properties24
    7. Temporary Intrinsics25
  4. Modality26
  5. Does Identity Matter?
    1. Parfit27
    2. What Matters28
  6. Kinds29
    1. Metamorphosis30
    2. Natural Kinds31
  7. Ontology32
    1. Artifacts33
    2. Existence34
    3. Individuals35
    4. Matter36
    5. Mind37
    6. Naturalism38
    7. Physicalism39
    8. Scattered Objects40
    9. Thisness (Haecceity)41
    10. Universals42
  8. Sortals43
    1. Phase Sortals44
  9. Substance or Process?
    1. Substance45
    2. Process Metaphysics46
  10. Convention47
    1. Concepts48
    2. Fiction49
    3. Semantics50
  11. Explanation51
    1. Probability52
Other to be supplied as they come up.



Main Text
  1. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify my views on a number of logical and metaphysical issues that are central to the core of this Thesis.
  2. I will also consider Derek Parfit’s claim that “Identity is not what matters in survival” in this Chapter.
  3. The coverage in the Chapter itself will have to be very brief lest it consume the word-count for the entire thesis. Most information – and in particular the bulk of the justification for my views – will remain in the Notes.
  4. Three background issues, namely my views on:- are covered elsewhere (follow the links above).
  5. Other topics may be added as they arise.
  6. Further text to be supplied56.



Concluding Remarks
  1. In our next Chapter57, we need to consider further the question of Persistence and Time and how they impact on the topic of Personal Identity.
  2. This is work in progress58.


Links to Books / Papers to be Addressed59
  1. This section attempts to derive the readings lists automatically from those of the underlying Notes, but removing duplicated references. The list is divided into:-



Works on this topic that I’ve actually read63, include the following:-
  1. Metaphysics64
    1. No items to list.
  2. Logic of Identity
    1. Logic of Identity65
      1. "Baylis (Charles A.) - Review Article: The Identity of Indiscernibles", Date: 1956
      2. "Brennan (Andrew) - Conditions of Identity: Introduction", Date: 1988
      3. "Burke (Michael) - Is My Head a Person?", Date: 2003
      4. "Chisholm (Roderick) - Which Physical Thing Am I? An Excerpt from 'Is There a Mind-Body Problem?'", Note66
      5. "Crane (Tim) & Farkas (Katalin) - Identity: Introduction", Date: 2004
      6. "Duncan (Matt) - I Think, Therefore I Persist", Date: 2015
      7. "Frankfurt (Harry) - Identification and Externality", Date: 1976
      8. "Hirsch (Eli) - The Concept of Identity", Date: 1982
      9. "Hossack (Keith) - Five Lectures on the Logic and Metaphysics of Identity"
      10. "Jubien (Michael) - Identity", Date: 1997
      11. "McGinn (Colin) - Identity", Date: 2000
      12. "McGinn (Colin) - Précis of 'Logical Properties: Identity, Existence, Prediction, Necessity, Truth'", Date: 2004
      13. "Noonan (Harold) - Identity and Determinacy", Date: 2003
      14. "Noonan (Harold) - Identity, Constitution and Microphysical Supervenience", Date: 1999
      15. "Olson (Eric) - Persistence", Date: 1999
      16. "Perry (John) - The Importance of Being Identical", Date: 2002
      17. "Quine (W.V.) - Identity, Ostension, and Hypostasis", Date: 1950
      18. "Quine (W.V.) - Identity: an Excerpt From Quiddities", Date: 1987
      19. "Quine (W.V.) - Review of Milton Munitz's 'Identity and Individuation'", Date: 1972
      20. "Rey (Georges) - Survival", Date: 1976
      21. "Sainsbury (Mark) - Philosophical Logic: Identity", Date: 1998
      22. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Individuality", Date: 2009
      23. "Wiggins (David) & Woods (Michael J.) - Symposium: The Individuation of Things and Places", Date: 1963
      24. "Williams (Christopher) - Being, Identity and Truth: Preface", Date: 1992
      25. "Williams (Christopher) - What Is Identity?: Introduction and Analytical Table of Contents", Date: 1989
    2. Numerical Identity67
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Reply to Olson", Date: 2001
      2. "Butchvarov (Panayot) - Being Qua Being: Introduction", Date: 1979
      3. "Bynum (Caroline) - Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity: Preface + Introduction - Seed Images, Ancient and Modern", Date: 1995
      4. "Cooper (John) - Body, Soul and Life Everlasting: Preface to the Second Printing", Date: 1989
      5. "DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction", Date: 2005
      6. "Gasser (Georg) - Personal Identity and Resurrection: Introduction", Date: 2010
      7. "Harris (Henry) - Identity: Introduction", Date: 1995
      8. "Kurtz (Roxanne) - Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?", Date: 2006
      9. "Longuenesse (Beatrice) - Kant on the identity of persons", Date: 2007
      10. "Olson (Eric) - The Human Animal: Alternatives", Date: 1999
      11. "Olson (Eric) - Thinking Animals and the Constitution View", Date: 2001
      12. "Olson (Eric) - Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach", Date: 1999
      13. "Parfit (Derek) - What We Believe Ourselves To Be", Date: 1986
      14. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics - Introduction", Date: 2009
      15. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", Date: 2009
      16. "Thomas (Janice L.) - The bodily criterion", Date: 2000
      17. "Thomas (Janice L.) - The identity theory", Date: 2000
    3. Only 'X' and 'Y' Principle68
      1. "Noonan (Harold) - Against the Closest Continuer Theory", Date: 2003
      2. "Noonan (Harold) - Parfit and What Matters in Survival", Date: 2003
      3. "Noonan (Harold) - The Reduplication Problem", Date: 2003
      4. "Olson (Eric) - Immanent Causation and Life After Death", Date: 2010
      5. "Olson (Eric) - Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave", Date: 2015
      6. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Bodily Resurrection: The Falling Elevator Model Revisited", Date: 2010
    4. Similarity69
      1. "Hirsch (Eli) - A Sense of Unity", Date: 1982
      2. "Hirsch (Eli) - Natural Kinds and Natural Units", Date: 1982
      3. "Kagan (Shelly) - What matters (continued); The nature of death, Part I", Date: 2007
      4. "Olson (Eric) - The Human Animal: Introduction", Date: 1999
      5. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", Date: 2009
      6. "Suchow (Jordan) - Haven’t we met before? On doppelgängers and perception", Date: 2018
    5. Heterodox Views
  3. Change
    1. Change80
      1. "Arnold (Keith) - The Subject of Radical Change", Date: 1978
      2. "Carter (William) - How to Change Your Mind", Date: 1989
      3. "Lear (Jonathan) - Change", Date: 1988
      4. "LePoidevin (Robin) - Change", Date: 2003
      5. "Sider (Ted) - The Four-Dimensional Picture", Date: 2003
    2. Causality81
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Review of 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?' by Nancey Murphy", Date: 2006
      2. "Chalmers (David) - How Cartesian Dualism Might Have Been True", Date: 1990
      3. "Crane (Tim) - Body", Date: 2001
      4. "Davidson (Donald) - Causal Relations", Date: 2001
      5. "Hawley (Katherine) - How Things Persist: Introduction", Date: 2001
      6. "Lewis (David) - Causation"
      7. "Lewis (David) - Philosophical Papers Volume II: Introduction"
      8. "MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham) - The Philosophy of Psychology: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Preface", Date: 1995
      9. "Mellor (D.H.) - Real Time II: Introduction", Date: 1998
      10. "Mellor (D.H.) - Real Time II: Preface", Date: 1998
      11. "Mellor (D.H.) - Real Time: Introduction and Summary", Date: 1991
      12. "Parfit (Derek) - Different Attitudes To Time", Date: 1986
      13. "Richmond (Alasdair) - Time Travel and Philosophy", Date: 2013
      14. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Causality and Properties", Date: 2003
      15. "Snowdon (Paul) - Philosophy and the Mind/Body Problem", Date: 2015
      16. "Taylor (James Stacey) - The Myth of Posthumous Harm", Date: 2005
      17. "Von Wachter (Daniel) - Free Agents as Cause", Date: 2003
      18. "Wiggins (David) - Preface: Sameness and Substance", Date: 1980
      19. "Wiggins (David) - Preface: Sameness and Substance Renewed", Date: 2001
    3. Closest Continuer82
      1. "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases", Date: 2007, Note83
      2. "Garrett (Brian) - Fission", Date: 1998, Note84
      3. "Hawley (Katherine) - Fission, Fusion and Intrinsic Facts", Date: 2005
      4. "Nozick (Robert) - The Identity of the Self: Introduction", Date: 1981
      5. "Parfit (Derek) - Nagel's Brain", Date: 1986
      6. "Parfit (Derek) - The Closest Continuer Schema", Date: 1984
    4. Continuity85
      1. "Hirsch (Eli) - Continuity", Date: 1982
      2. "Oderberg (David) - Continuity as the Criterion of Identity Over Time: The Classical Theory of Continuity", Date: 1993
      3. "Williams (Bernard) - Bodily Continuity and Personal Identity", Date: 1960
    5. Criteria of Identity86
      1. "Gale (Richard) - On Some Pernicious Thought-Experiments", Date: 1991
      2. "Geach (Peter) - God and the Soul (Analytical ToC)", Date: 1969
      3. "Hawley (Katherine) - Principles of Composition and Criteria of Identity", Date: 2006
      4. "Hirsch (Eli) - Minds and Bodies: Introduction", Date: 1982
      5. "Hirsch (Eli) - The Persistence of Matter", Date: 1982
      6. "Hirsch (Eli) - The Persistence of Objects: Introduction", Date: 1982
      7. "Lowe (E.J.) - Locke: Identity"
      8. "Olson (Eric) - Human People Or Human Animals", Date: 1995
      9. "Parfit (Derek) - Why Our Identity is Not What Matters (Excerpts)", Date: 1986
      10. "Simons (Peter) - Review of 'Kinds of Being: A Study of Individuation, Identity and the Logic of Sortal Terms' by E. J. Lowe", Date: 1992
      11. "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons, Animals, and Ourselves", Date: 1990
    6. Intermittent Objects87
      1. "Ayers (Michael R.) - Locke on 'Masses of Matter'", Date: 1991
      2. "Carter (William) - Artifacts of Theseus: Fact and Fission", Date: 1983
      3. "Fine (Kit) - The Non-Identity of a Material Thing and Its Matter", Date: 2003
      4. "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", Date: 1987
      5. "Markosian (Ned) - Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity", Date: 2008
      6. "Wiggins (David) - On Being in the Same Place at the Same Time", Date: 1968
    7. Properties88
      1. "Abelson (Raziel) - Not Necessarily", Date: 1961
      2. "Armstrong (David) - In Conclusion (Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)", Date: 1978
      3. "Armstrong (David) - Introduction to Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)", Date: 1977
      4. "Armstrong (David) - The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 1 (Nominalism and Realism)", Date: 1978
      5. "Armstrong (David) - The Argument of Universals and Scientific Realism Vol. 2 (A Theory of Universals)", Date: 1977
      6. "Armstrong (David) - What is a Law of Nature? Conclusions", Date: 1985
      7. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Brief Reply to Rosenkrantz's Comments on my 'The Ontological Status of Persons'", Date: 2002
      8. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective: What Is The Problem?", Date: 2013
      9. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Persons in the Material World", Date: 2000
      10. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Selfless Persons: Goodness in an Impersonal World?", Date: 2015
      11. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Coherence Of the Idea of Material Constitution", Date: 2000
      12. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Constitution View of Human Persons", Date: 2000
      13. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", Date: 2005
      14. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Why Constitution is Not Identity", Date: 1997
      15. "Brandon (Ed) - Review of Galen Strawson's 'Consciousness and Its Place in Nature: Does Physicalism Entail Panpsychism?'", Date: 2007
      16. "Corcoran (Kevin) - Soul, Body and Survival: Introduction - Soul or Body?", Date: 2001
      17. "Crane (Tim) & Farkas (Katalin) - Universals and Particulars: Introduction", Date: 2004
      18. "DeGrazia (David) - Great Apes, Dolphins, and the Concept of Personhood", Date: 1997
      19. "Denby (David) - The Distinction between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties", Date: 2006
      20. "Dore (Clement) - Ontological Arguments", Date: 1999
      21. "Dupre (John) - Metaphysics of metamorphosis", Date: 2017
      22. "Feldman (Fred) - Life-Functional Theories of Life", Date: 1992
      23. "Feldman (Fred) - On Dying as a Process", Date: 1992
      24. "Geisler (Norman) & Corduan (Winfried) - Ontological Arguments", Date: 2003
      25. "Gert (Bernard), Lizza (John), Youngner (Stuart) & Chiong (Winston) - Matters of 'Life' and 'Death'", Date: 2006
      26. "Hawley (Katherine) - Merricks on Whether Being Conscious is Intrinsic", Date: 1998
      27. "Jenkins (Phil) - Review of Galen Strawson's 'Selves'", Date: 2010
      28. "Lavelle (Suilin) - Minds, Brains and Computers", Date: 2013
      29. "LePoidevin (Robin) - Travels in Four Dimensions: Concluding Thoughts", Date: 2003
      30. "Lewis (David) - Attitudes De Dicto and De Se"
      31. "Lewis (David) - On the Plurality of Worlds (Selections)", Date: 2006
      32. "Lewis (David) - The Problem of Temporary Intrinsics"
      33. "Lowe (E.J.) - More Kinds of Being: Preface", Date: 2015
      34. "Malcolm (Norman) - Anselm's Ontological Arguments", Date: 1960
      35. "McDowell (John) - Values and Secondary Qualities"
      36. "McGill (V.J.) - Review of Minds, Brains and People by T. E. Wilkerson", Date: 1975
      37. "Merricks (Trenton) - Against the Doctrine of Microphysical Supervenience", Date: 1998
      38. "Moreland (J.P.) - Extreme Nominalism and Properties", Date: 2001
      39. "Moreland (J.P.) - The Problem(s) of Universals", Date: 2001
      40. "Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - Human Persons as Substances or Property-Things", Date: 2000
      41. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? The Question", Date: 2007
      42. "Papineau (David) - Introducing Consciousness", Date: 2000
      43. "Papineau (David) - The Importance of Philosophical Intuition", Date: 2009
      44. "Peterson (Michael), Hasker (William), Reichenbach (Bruce) & Basinger (David) - Theistic Arguments: The Case for God's Existence", Date: 1991
      45. "Searle (John) - Reductionism and the Irreducibility of Consciousness", Date: 1992
      46. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Self, Body, and Coincidence", Date: 1999
      47. "Simons (Peter) - Parts: A Study in Ontology - Concluding Remarks", Date: 1987
      48. "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", Date: 2009
      49. "Swoyer (Chris) - Theories of Properties: From Plenitude To Paucity", Date: 1996
      50. "Thomas (Janice L.) - Davidson's anomalous monism", Date: 2000
      51. "Thomas (Janice L.) - Functionalism", Date: 2000
      52. "Thomas (Janice L.) - Other arguments for dualism", Date: 2000
      53. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Metaphysics: Part One: The Way The World Is - Introduction", Date: 2009
      54. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Necessary Being: the Ontological Argument", Date: 1999
      55. "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Two Kinds of Metaphysics", Date: 1974
      56. "Wilson (Jack) - Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities", Date: 1999
    8. Temporary Intrinsics89
      1. No items to list.
  4. Modality90
    1. "Allen (R.E.) - The Ontological Argument", Date: 1961
    2. "Bealer (George) - The A Priori"
    3. "Blackburn (Simon) & Simmons (Keith) - Truth: Introduction", Date: 1999
    4. "Carter (William) - In Defense of Undetached Parts", Date: 1983
    5. "Carter (William) - 'Partist' Resistance to the Many: Review of 'A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person' by Hud Hudson", Date: 2004
    6. "Craig (William Lane) & Sinnott-Armstrong (Walter) - God?: A Debate between a Christian and an Atheist: Preface", Date: 2003
    7. "Crane (Tim) & Farkas (Katalin) - Necessity: Introduction", Date: 2004
    8. "Dyke (Heather) - Review of Craig Bourne's 'A Future for Presentism'", Date: 2008
    9. "Jackson (Frank) - Epiphenomenal Qualia", Date: 1999
    10. "Johnston (Mark) - Constitution is Not Identity", Date: 1997
    11. "Jubien (Michael) - Modality", Date: 1997
    12. "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", Date: 2017
    13. "Kripke (Saul) - Naming and Necessity: Lecture I", Date: 1980
    14. "Kripke (Saul) - Naming and Necessity: Lecture III", Date: 1980
    15. "LePoidevin (Robin) - Is God Necessary?", Date: 1996
    16. "Lewis (David) - Anselm and Actuality"
    17. "Lewis (David) - Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic"
    18. "Lewis (David) - On the Plurality of Worlds: Preface", Date: 1986
    19. "Melia (Joseph) - Introduction to Modality", Date: 2003
    20. "Noonan (Harold) - Constitution Is Identity", Date: 1993
    21. "Plantinga (Alvin) - The Ontological Argument"
    22. "Reid (Jasper) - Kripke on Naming and Necessity (Course Notes)"
    23. "Robinson (Howard) - Dualism (Stanford)", Date: 2003-11
    24. "Salmon (Nathan) - Reference and Essence - Prefaces & Introduction", Date: 2005
    25. "Sider (Ted) - Critical Study of Michael Jubien's Ontology, Modality, and the Fallacy of Reference", Date: 1999
    26. "Simons (Peter) - Parts: A Study in Ontology - Introduction", Date: 1987
    27. "Sorensen (Roy) - Thought Experiments: Introduction", Date: 1992
    28. "Tobia (Kevin Patrick) - Does Religious Belief Infect Philosophical Analysis?", Date: 2016
    29. "Williams (Christopher) - Review of J.R.Lucas's 'The Future'", Date: 1991
  5. Does Identity Matter?
    1. Parfit91
      1. "Baillie (James) - Identity, Survival, and Sortal Concepts", Date: 1990
      2. "Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity: In Conclusion", Date: 1993
      3. "Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity: Preface", Date: 1993
      4. "Baker (Deane-Peter) - Taylor and Parfit on Personal Identity: a Response to Lotter", Date: 1999
      5. "Blackburn (Simon) - Review of Derek Parfit's 'On What Matters'"
      6. "Bourget (David) & Chalmers (David) - The PhilPapers Surveys: What Do Philosophers Believe?", Date: 2014
      7. "Carruthers (Peter) - After-Life for Materialists", Date: 1986, Note92
      8. "Carruthers (Peter) - Introducing Persons: Theories and Arguments in the Philosophy of Mind", Date: 1994
      9. "Cassam (Quassim) - Parfit on Persons", Date: 1992
      10. "Colen (J.A.) - In Memoriam Derek Parfit (1942-2017)", Date: 2018
      11. "Dancy (Jonathan) - Reading Parfit: Preface", Date: 1997
      12. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Parfit, 'Personal Identity'", Date: 2014
      13. "Garrett (Brian) - Parfit and 'What Matters'", Date: 1998
      14. "Garrett (Brian) - Personal Identity and Reductionism", Date: 1991
      15. "Johansson (Jens) - What is Animalism?", Date: 2007, Note93
      16. "Kagan (Shelly) - The badness of death, Part III; Immortality, Part I", Date: 2007
      17. "Lewis (David) - Survival and Identity"
      18. "Liao (S. Matthew) - The Organism View Defended", Date: 2006
      19. "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", Date: 1987
      20. "Mackie (David) - Animalism Versus Lockeanism: No Contest", Date: 1999, Note94
      21. "Martin (Raymond) - Self-Concern: An Experiential Approach to what Matters in Survival", Date: 1998
      22. "McDowell (John) - Reductionism and the First Person", Date: 1997
      23. "Nagel (Thomas) - Mind and Body", Date: 1989
      24. "Noonan (Harold) - An Initial Survey", Date: 2003
      25. "Noonan (Harold) - Animalism versus Lockeanism: Reply to Mackie", Date: 2001
      26. "Oderberg (David) - Johnston on Human Beings", Date: 1989
      27. "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem", Date: 2015
      28. "Olson (Eric) - On Parfit's View That We Are Not Human Beings", Date: 2015
      29. "Parfit (Derek) - How We Are Not What We Believe", Date: 1986
      30. "Parfit (Derek) - Lewis, Perry, and What Matters", Date: 1976
      31. "Parfit (Derek) - Personal Identity", Date: 1975
      32. "Parfit (Derek) - Personal Identity and Morality", Date: 1986
      33. "Parfit (Derek) - Personal Identity and Rationality", Date: 1986
      34. "Parfit (Derek) - Reasons and Persons", Date: 1987, Note95
      35. "Parfit (Derek) - What Does Matter", Date: 1986
      36. "Parfit (Derek) - Who do you think you are?", Date: 1992
      37. "Parfit (Derek) - Why Our Identity is Not What Matters", Date: 1986
      38. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics", Date: 2005-12
      39. "Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules) - Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?", Note96
      40. "Thomas (Janice L.) - What matters for survival and the logical possibility of resurrection", Date: 2000
      41. "Williams (Bernard) - Persons, Character and Morality", Date: 1976
    2. What Matters97
      1. "Martin (Raymond) - Self Concern: Preface", Date: 1998
      2. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Self-Regarding Ethics - Alternative Approaches", Date: 2009
      3. "Unger (Peter) - Fission and the Focus of One's Life", Date: 1992
      4. "Unger (Peter) - The Psychological Approach To Our Survival", Date: 1992
      5. "Unger (Peter) - What Matters In Our Survival: Distinctions, Compromises and Limits", Date: 1992
  6. Kinds
    1. Kinds98
      1. "Dennett (Daniel) - Kinds of Minds: Preface", Date: 1996
      2. "Rosenkrantz (Gary) - Reflections on the Ontological Status of Persons", Date: 2002
      3. "Trettin (Kathe) - Persons and Other Trope Complexes. Reflections on Ontology and Normativity", Date: 2003
      4. "Unger (Peter) - A Physically Based Approach To Our Survival", Date: 1992
      5. "Wilson (Jack) - Generation and Corruption", Date: 1999
      6. "Wilson (Jack) - Personal Identity Naturalized: Our Bodies, Our Selves", Date: 1999
    2. Metamorphosis99
      1. "Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe) - Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology", Date: 2015
      2. "Baillie (James) - What Am I?", Date: 1993, Note100
      3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Big-Tent Metaphysics", Date: 2008
      4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Personal Identity Over Time", Date: 2000
      5. "Kafka (Franz), Pasley (Malcolm) - Metamorphosis and Other Stories", Date: 2000 Reprint
      6. "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", Date: 2017
      7. "Olson (Eric) - Replies to Baker, Markosian & Zimmerman", Date: 2008
    3. Natural Kinds101
      1. "Wiggins (David) - Locke, Butler and the Stream of Consciousness: And Men as Natural Kind", Date: 1976
      2. "Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities", Date: 1999
  7. Ontology
    1. Ontology102
      1. "Ayers (Michael R.) - Locke (Ontology) - Introduction & Conclusion", Date: 1991
      2. "Bacon (John), Campbell (Keith) & Reinhardt (Lloyd) - Ontology, Causality and Mind: Preface", Date: 1993
      3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson", Date: 2008
      4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Ontological Status of Persons", Date: 2002
      5. "Casati (Roberto) & Varzi (Achille) - Holes", Date: 1996-2014
      6. "Crane (Tim) & Farkas (Katalin) - Being: Introduction", Date: 2004
      7. "Fine (Arthur) - The Natural Ontological Attitude"
      8. "Finn (Suki) - Is a hole a real thing, or just a place where something isn’t?", Date: 2018
      9. "Hazlett (Allan) - Disassembly and Destruction", Date: 2006
      10. "Hirsch (Eli) - Dividing Reality: Preface", Date: 1993
      11. "Hornsby (Jennifer) - Ontological Questions - Introduction: Persons and Their States, and Events", Date: 1997
      12. "Jubien (Michael) - Platonism", Date: 1997
      13. "Merricks (Trenton) - Objects & Persons: Preface", Date: 2001
      14. "Olson (Eric) - Ethics and the Generous Ontology", Date: 2010
      15. "Olson (Eric) - Why I Have No Hands", Date: 1995
      16. "Parfit (Derek) - Why does the universe exist?", Date: 1991
      17. "Quine (W.V.) - On What There Is", Date: 1980
      18. "Ryle (Gilbert) - Categories", Date: 1938
      19. "Sider (Ted) - Four-Dimensionalism: Introduction", Date: 2003
      20. "Surovell (Jonathan) - Bennett's 'Composition, Colocation, and Metaontology'"
      21. "Unger (Peter) - I Do Not Exist", Date: 1979
      22. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Ontology, Identity, and Modality: Introduction", Date: 1994
      23. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Précis of Material Beings", Date: 1993
    2. Artifacts103
      1. "Chandler (Hugh S.) - Theseus' Clothes-Pin", Date: 1984
      2. "Han (Byung-Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese", Date: 2017
      3. "Lowenthal ( David) - Material Preservation and Its Alternatives", Date: 1989
      4. "Matthes (Erich Hatala) - Palmyra’s ruins can rebuild our relationship with history", Date: 2017
      5. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)", Date: 1996
    3. Existence104
      1. "Adams (Robert Merrihew) - Has It Been Proved That All Real Existence Is Contingent?", Date: 1971
      2. "Hartshorne (Charles) - The Necessarily Existent", Date: 1965
      3. "Sainsbury (Mark) - Philosophical Logic: Existence", Date: 1998
      4. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - McGinn on Existence", Date: 2008
    4. Individuals105
      1. "Wiggins (David) - Identity & Spatio-temporal Continuity: Introduction", Date: 1967
    5. Matter106
      1. "Frank (Adam) - Minding matter", Date: 2017
      2. "Hirsch (Eli) - Matter, Causality, and Stereotypes of Identity", Date: 1982
      3. "Rosenberg (Jay) - Bodies, Corpses, and Chunks of Matter: A Reply to Carter", Date: 1984
    6. Mind107
      1. "Blackburn (Simon) - Review of Thomas Nagel, 'Mind and Cosmos'"
      2. "Carruthers (Peter) - The Nature of the Mind: An Introduction", Date: 2004
      3. "Carruthers (Peter) & Smith (Peter), Eds. - Theories of Theories of Mind", Date: 1996
      4. "Cave (Stephen) - Intelligence: a history", Date: 2017
      5. "Crane (Tim) - Elements of Mind - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind", Date: 2001
      6. "Crane (Tim) - The Mental States of Persons and their Brains", Date: 2015
      7. "Dretske (Fred) - Naturalising the Mind: Preface", Date: 1999
      8. "Erber (Joan T.) & Szuchman (Lenore T.) - Great Myths of Aging: The Mind", Date: 2014
      9. "Genova (Lisa) - Still Alice", Date: 2015
      10. "Grossmann (Tobias) - How we learn to read another’s mind by looking into their eyes", Date: 2017
      11. "Guttenplan (Samuel) - Mind's Landscape - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind", Date: 2000
      12. "Hacker (P.M.S.) - An Intellectual Entertainment - The Nature of the Mind", Date: 2015
      13. "Ruggles (Laura) - The minds of plants", Date: 2017
      14. "Sprevak (Mark) & Statham (David) - Group Minds and Explanatory Simplicity", Date: 2015
    7. Naturalism108
      1. "Alexander (Denis) - Evolution – Intelligent and Designed?", Date: 2008
      2. "Carrier (R.C.) - The argument from biogenesis: Probabilities against a natural origin of life", Date: 2004
      3. "Collins (Francis) - The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief", Date: 2007
      4. "Conway Morris (Simon) - Darwin’s Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation", Date: 2005
      5. "Cottingham (John) - Spirituality, Religion and the Naturalist Challenge"
      6. "Dennett (Daniel) - Thank Goodness!", Date: 2007
      7. "Ellis (Fiona) - Naturalism and Value (Take 2)", Date: 2010
      8. "Haldane (John) - Naturalism and Mind", Date: 2010
      9. "Hornsby (Jennifer) - Simple Mindedness: In Defense of Naïve Naturalism in the Philosophy of Mind", Date: 1997
      10. "Krishna (Nakul) - Is goodness natural?", Date: 2017
      11. "Laudan (Larry) - A Confutation of Convergent Realism"
      12. "Laudan (Larry) - Progress Or Rationality? The Prospects For Normative Naturalism"
      13. "Le Fanu (James) - Doubts About Darwin", Date: 2009
      14. "Marshall (Richard) & Churchland (Patricia) - Patricia Churchland: Causal Machines", Date: 2014
      15. "Marshall (Richard) & Rowlands (Mark) - Mark Rowlands: Hour of the Wolf", Date: 2014
      16. "Marshall (Richard) & Tiberius (Valerie) - Valerie Tiberius: Mostly Elephant, Ergo…", Date: 2014
      17. "Oppy (Graham) - An Argument for Atheism From Naturalism", Date: 2018
      18. "Papineau (David) - The Argument for Naturalism about the Mind", Date: 2010
      19. "Petrus (Klaus) - Human Persons. Some Conceptual Remarks", Date: 2003
      20. "Plantinga (Alvin) - Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism - Preface", Date: 2012
      21. "Quine (W.V.) - Epistemology Naturalized"
      22. "Rey (Georges) - Meta-atheism: Religious Avowal as Self-Deception", Date: 2007
      23. "Smith (Quentin) - The Metaphilosophy of Naturalism"
      24. "Walsh (Denis) - Naturalism, Evolution and Mind: Editor's Introduction", Date: 2001
      25. "Ward (Keith) - God and Metaphysics", Date: 2010
      26. "Ward (Keith) - The Bad Argument: Review of A.C. Grayling's 'The God Argument'"
    8. Physicalism109
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - In Favour Of the Constitution View", Date: 2000
      2. "Brandon (Ed) - Review of David Lund's 'Persons, Souls and Death'", Date: 2009
      3. "Candlish (Stewart) - Review of Minds, Brains and People by T. E. Wilkerson", Date: 1976
      4. "Carruthers (Peter) - After-Life for Physicalists", Date: 2004
      5. "Carruthers (Peter) - The Case For Physicalism", Date: 2004
      6. "Feldman (Fred) - A Materialist Conception of Death", Date: 1992
      7. "Hinton (J.M.) - Review of Minds, Brains and People by T. E. Wilkerson", Date: 1975
      8. "Hornsby (Jennifer) - Physicalism, Events and Part-Whole Relations", Date: 1997
      9. "Hornsby (Jennifer) - Physicalist Thinking and Conceptions of Behaviour", Date: 1997
      10. "Hudson (Hud) - A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person: Introduction", Date: 2001
      11. "Jackson (Frank) - What Mary Didn't Know", Date: 1986
      12. "Kagan (Shelly) - The nature of persons: dualism versus physicalism", Date: 2007
      13. "Levine (Joseph) - Purple Haze: Introduction", Date: 2001
      14. "Loose (Jonathan) - Constitution and the Falling Elevator: The Continuing Incompatibility of Materialism and Resurrection Belief", Date: 2012
      15. "Maxwell (Grover) - Intentionality: Hardware, not software", Date: 1980
      16. "Moody (Todd C.) - Conversations with Zombies", Date: 1994
      17. "Murphy (Nancey) - Do Christians need souls? Theological and Biblical perspectives on human nature", Date: 2006
      18. "Murphy (Nancey) - I Cerebrate Myself: Is there a little man inside your brain?", Date: 1999
      19. "Nagasawa (Yujin) - Review of Levine's 'Purple Haze'"
      20. "Olson (Eric) - Psychology and Personal Identity", Date: 1999
      21. "Olson (Eric) - Review of Hud Hudson's 'A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person'", Date: 2002
      22. "Papineau (David) - Introducing Consciousness", Date: 2000
      23. "Pollock (John L.) - How to Build a Person: Preface", Date: 1989
      24. "Searle (John) - The Rediscovery of the Mind: Introduction", Date: 1992
      25. "Slors (Marc) - Personal Identity and the Metaphysics of Mind: Preface", Date: 1997
      26. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Dualism and Materialism: Athens and Jerusalem?", Date: 1995
      27. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Plantinga’s Replacement Argument", Date: 2007
      28. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Christians Should Affirm Mind-Body Dualism", Date: 2004
      29. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Reply to Baker's 'Christians Should Reject Mind-Body Dualism'", Date: 2004
    9. Scattered Objects110
      1. "Cartwright (Richard) - Scattered Objects", Date: 1975
      2. "Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) - Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality", Date: 2019
      3. "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", Date: 1997
      4. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Problems for Animalism", Date: 2008
    10. Thisness (Haecceity)111
      1. No items to list.
    11. Universals112
      1. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Aristotle and the Sea Battle", Date: 1956
      2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Response to Eric Olson", Date: 2008
      3. "Fine (Gail) - Platonic Questions", Note113
      4. "Fine (Kit) - A Counter-Example To Locke's Thesis", Date: 2000
      5. "Russell (Bertrand) - The Problems of Philosophy", Date: 1912
  8. Sortals
    1. Sortals114
      1. "Hirsch (Eli) - Sortals", Date: 1982
    2. Phase Sortals115
      1. No items to list.
  9. Substance or Process?
    1. Substance116
      1. "Crane (Tim) - Substance (4-Lecture BA Course)", Date: 2005
      2. "Vieira (Celso) - Which is more fundamental: processes or things?", Date: 2017
      3. "Wikipedia - Hylomorphism", Date: 2014
      4. "Woolhouse (Roger) - Leibniz and Substance", Date: 1993, Note117
      5. "Woolhouse (Roger) - Spinoza and Substance", Date: 1993, Note118
    2. Process Metaphysics119
      1. No items to list.
  10. Convention
    1. Convention120
      1. "Dennett (Daniel) - Conditions of Personhood", Date: 1997
      2. "MacKay (Donald) - Computer Software and Life After Death", Date: 1997
      3. "Olson (Eric) - Relativism and Persistence", Date: 1997
      4. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We?", Date: 2007, Note121
      5. "Unger (Peter) - Physically Based Subjects and Their Experiences: Against the Six Metaphysical Doctrines", Date: 1992
      6. "Unger (Peter) - Precis of 'Identity, Consciousness and Value'", Date: 1992
      7. "Williams (Bernard) - The Self and the Future", Date: 1999
      8. "Wittgenstein (Ludwig) - Bodily Sensations"
    2. Concepts122
      1. No items to list.
    3. Fiction123
      1. "Botros (Sophie) - A Realist Present and a Coherentist Past", Date: 2017
      2. "Botros (Sophie) - Truth, Time and History - A Philosophical Inquiry with Dr Sophie Botros"
      3. "Del Mar (Maksymilian) - The legal imagination", Date: 2017
      4. "Eagle (Anthony) - Telling Tales", Date: 2006
      5. "Eco (Umberto) - The Name of the Rose", Note: See the Review.
      6. "Ehrman (Bart D.) - Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know About Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine", Note124
      7. "Goodman (Nelson) - Fact, Fiction and Forecast", Date: 1990, Note125
      8. "Lewis (David) - Truth in Fiction"
      9. "Orwell (George), Davison (Peter), Taylor (D.J.), Ed. - Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Annotated Edition", Date: 2013
      10. "Passmore (John) - Narratives and Events", Date: 1987
      11. "Putnam (Hilary) - Is There a Fact of the Matter About Fiction?", Date: 1992, Note126
    4. Semantics127
      1. "Blatti (Stephan) - Review of 'The Rise and Fall of Soul and Self', by Raymond Martin and John Barresi", Date: 2008
      2. "Block (Ned) - What Intuitions about Homunculi Don't Show", Date: 1980
      3. "Cargile (James) - Review of Hintikka - Cogito, Ergo Sum: Inference or Performance?", Date: 1968
      4. "Dainton (Barry) - Time and Space: Preface", Date: 2010
      5. "Dennett (Daniel) - True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works", Date: 1998
      6. "Fodor (Jerry) - Psychosemantics", Date: 1987
      7. "Harnish (Robert M.) - Basic Topics in the Philosophy of Language: Introduction", Date: 1993
      8. "Haugeland (John) - Semantics", Date: 1989
      9. "Lewis (David) - General Semantics"
      10. "Lewis (David) - Scorekeeping in a Language Game"
      11. "Lewis (David) - 'Tensions"
      12. "MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham) - Connectionism: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Preface", Date: 1995
      13. "Shapiro (Stewart) - Thinking about Mathematics: Preface", Date: 2000
      14. "Unger (Peter) - The Physical Approach To Our Survival", Date: 1992
    1. Explanation128
      1. "Harman (Gilbert) - The Inference to the Best Explanation", Date: 1965
      2. "Hempel (Carl) - Theories and Theoretical Explanation", Date: 1966
      3. "Hornsby (Jennifer) - Mind, Causation and Explanation - Introduction: Personal and Subpersonal Levels", Date: 1997
    2. Probability129
      1. "Ayer (A.J.) - Truth and Probability", Date: 1946
      2. "Colquhoun (David) - The problem with p-values", Date: 2016
      3. "Glymour (Clark) - Why I am Not a Bayesian"
      4. "Hand (David) - What are the chances?", Date: 2014
      5. "O'Hear (Anthony) - Probability", Date: 1989
      6. "Papineau (David) - Methodology: Confirmation and Probability", Date: 1998
      7. "Popper (Karl) - Corroboration: The Merits of Improbability"
      8. "Salmon (Wesley) - Rationality and Objectivity in Science or Tom Kuhn Meets Tom Bayes"
      9. "Shapiro (Lawrence) - A drop in the sea", Date: 2013
      10. "Skyrms (Brian) - Choice and Chance - An Introduction to Inductive Logic", Date: 2000
      11. "Smith (Martin) - Believing the Unlikely", Date: 2016
      12. "Smith (Martin) - When Probability is Not Enough", Date: 2016
      13. "Weatherson (Brian) - The Bayesian and the Dogmatist", Date: 2006


A further reading list might start with:-
  1. Metaphysics130
    1. "Aune (Bruce) - Metaphysics: The Elements", Date: 1985
    2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism", Date: 2007
    3. "Benardete (Jose A.) - Metaphysics: The Logical Approach", Date: 1989
    4. "Bigaj (Tomasz) - Metaphysics: A guided tour for beginners", Date: 2012
    5. "Carter (William) - The Elements of Metaphysics", Date: 1990
    6. "Chalmers (David), Manley (David) & Wasserman (Ryan) - Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology", Date: 2009
    7. "Chisholm (Roderick) - On Metaphysics", Date: 1989
    8. "Dilworth (Craig) - The Metaphysics of Science", Date: 1996
    9. "Donnelly (John), Ed. - Language, Metaphysics and Death: A Metaphysical Reader", Date: 1994
    10. "Doyle (Robert O.) - Metaphysics: Problems, Paradoxes, and Puzzles Solved?", Date: 2016
    11. "Dupre (John) - The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science", Date: 1995
    12. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014", Date: 2014
    13. "Gale (Richard), Ed. - The Blackwell Guide to Metaphysics", Date: 2002
    14. "Ghiselin (Michael) - Metaphysics and the Origin of Species", Date: 1997
    15. "Hales (Steven D.), Ed. - Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings", Date: 1999
    16. "Hamlyn (D.W.) - Metaphysics", Date: 1984
    17. "Hasker (William) - Metaphysics: Constructing a World View", Date: 1983
    18. "Hazlett (Allan) - New Waves in Metaphysics", Date: 2010
    19. "Jubien (Michael) - Contemporary Metaphysics", Date: 1997
    20. "Ladyman (James), Ross (Don), Spurrett (David) & Collier (John) - Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized", Date: 2007
    21. "Laurence (Stephen) & Macdonald (Cynthia), Eds. - Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics", Date: 1999
    22. "Loux (Michael) - Metaphysics - A Contemporary Introduction", Date: 2002
    23. "Loux (Michael), Ed. - Metaphysics - Contemporary Readings", Date: 2001
    24. "Loux (Michael), Ed. - The Possible and the Actual: Readings in the Metaphysics of Modality", Date: 1979
    25. "Lowe (E.J.) - A Survey of Metaphysics", Date: 2002
    26. "Maudlin (Tim) - The Metaphysics Within Physics", Date: 2007
    27. "O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Metaphysics", Date: 2018
    28. "Post (John F.) - Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction", Date: 1991
    29. "Sider (Ted), Hawthorne (John) & Zimmerman (Dean), Eds. - Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics", Date: 2007
    30. "Smith (Quentin) & Oaklander (L. Nathan) - Time, Change and Freedom: An Introduction to Metaphysics", Date: 1995
    31. "Stalnaker (Robert) - Ways a World Might Be: Metaphysical and Anti-Metaphysical Essays", Date: 2003
    32. "Suppes (Patrick) - Probabilistic Metaphysics", Date: 1984
    33. "Sweet (William), Ed. - Approaches to Metaphysics", Date: 2015
    34. "Taylor (Richard) - Metaphysics", Date: 1991
    35. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Metaphysics", Date: 2008
    36. "Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean) - Metaphysics: The Big Questions", Date: 2000
    37. "Walsh (W.H) - Metaphysics", Date: 1963
    38. "Zimmerman (Dean), Ed. - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3", Date: 2007
  2. Logic of Identity
    1. Logic of Identity131
      1. "Akiba (Ken) - Identity Is Simple", Date: 2000
      2. "Baxter (Donald L.M.) - Identity in the Loose and Popular Sense", Date: 1988
      3. "Benfield (David) & Erwin (Edward) - Identity, Schmidentity: It's Not All the Same", Date: 1975
      4. "Bostock (David) - Kripke on Identity and Necessity", Date: 1977
      5. "Brennan (Andrew) - Conditions of Identity", Date: 1988
      6. "Brennan (Andrew) - Memories, Bodies, and Survival", Date: 1988
      7. "Brody (Baruch) - Identity and Essence", Date: 1980
      8. "Butchvarov (Panayot) - Being Qua Being", Date: 1979
      9. "Butchvarov (Panayot) - Identity", Date: 1977
      10. "Chisholm (Roderick) - Identity Through Time"
      11. "Chisholm (Roderick) & Shoemaker (Sydney) - Symposium: The Loose and Popular and the Strict and Philosophical Senses of Identity", Date: 1967
      12. "Doyle (Robert O.) - Identity"
      13. "Dummett (Michael) - Identity", Date: 1981
      14. "Harris (Henry) - An Experimentalist Looks at Identity", Date: 1995
      15. "Hill (Claire Ortiz) - Rethinking Identity and Metaphysics: On the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy", Date: 1997
      16. "Hirsch (Eli) - Ontological Arguments: Interpretive Charity and Quantifier Variance", Date: 2007
      17. "Hughes (Christopher) - Kripke: Names, Necessity, and Identity", Date: 2004
      18. "Jubien (Michael) - The Myth of Identity Conditions", Date: 1997
      19. "MacBride (Fraser), Ed. - Identity and Modality", Date: 2006, Note132
      20. "Monaghan (P.X.) - Property Possession, Identity, and the Nature of an Entity", Date: 2005
      21. "Morris (Thomas) - Understanding Identity Statements", Date: 1984
      22. "Munitz (Milton) - Identity and Individuation", Date: 1970
      23. "Noonan (Harold), Ed. - Identity", Date: 1993
      24. "Oderberg (David) - The Metaphysics of Identity Over Time", Date: 1993, Note133
      25. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Temporal Parts", Date: 2007, Note134
      26. "Perry (John) - Identity, Personal Identity and the Self", Date: 2002
      27. "Perry (John) - The Same F", Date: 1970
      28. "Perry (John) - The Two Faces of Identity", Date: 2002
      29. "Quine (W.V.) - Methods of Logic", Date: 1972, Note135
      30. "Salmon (Nathan) - Identity Facts", Date: 2002
      31. "Salmon (Nathan) - The Fact that x=y", Date: 1987
      32. "Smart (Brian) - The Ship of Theseus, the Parthenon and Disassembled Objects", Date: 1973
      33. "Smythe (Thomas W.) - Chisholm on Personal Identity", Date: 1975
      34. "Wertheimer (Roger) - Identity: Logic, Ontology, Epistemology", Date: 1998
      35. "Wiggins (David) - Identity and Supervenience", Date: 2002
      36. "Williams (Bernard) - Identity and Identities", Date: 1995
      37. "Williams (Christopher) - Being, Identity, and Truth", Date: 1992
      38. "Williams (Christopher) - Selfsame", Date: 1989
      39. "Williams (Christopher) - What is Identity?", Date: 1989
      40. "Williamson (Timothy) - Identity and Discrimination", Date: 2013
    2. Numerical Identity136
      1. "Anderson (Susan Leigh) - Coconsciousness and Numerical Identity", Date: 1976
      2. "Baxter (Donald L.M.) - Loose Identity and Becoming Something Else", Date: 2001
      3. "Berglund (Stefan) - Identity and Reduction", Date: 1995
      4. "Candlish (Stewart) - The Inexplicability of Identity", Date: 1971
      5. "Cerullo (Michael A.) - Uploading and Branching Identity", Date: 2015
      6. "DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics", Date: 2005
      7. "DeGrazia (David) - Human Persons: Numerical Identity and Essence", Date: 2005
      8. "Garrett (Brian) - Personal Identity and Extrinsicness", Date: 1990
      9. "Gorham (Geoffrey) - Descartes on Persistence and Temporal Parts", Date: 2002
      10. "Johansson (Ingvar) - Identity Puzzles and Supervenient Identities", Date: 2006
      11. "Margolis (Joseph) - Persons: Notes on Their Nature, Identity and Rationality", Date: 1980
      12. "Niederbacher (Bruno) - The Same Body Again? Thomas Aquinas on the Numerical Identity of the Resurrected Body", Date: 2010
      13. "Parfit (Derek) - Persons, Bodies, and Human Beings", Date: 2007
      14. "Parfit (Derek) - The Unimportance of Identity", Date: 1995
      15. "Schechtman (Marya) - The Malleability of Identity", Date: 2014
      16. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Identity & Identities", Date: 2006
      17. "Tognazzini (Neal A.) - Persistence and Responsibility", Date: 2002
      18. "Williams (Christopher) - Arithmetic Equations", Date: 1989
      19. "Wright (Crispin) - Number as a Sortal Concept", Date: 1983
    3. Only 'X' and 'Y' Principle137
      1. "Baillie (James) - Identity and Survival", Date: 1993
      2. "Brennan (Andrew) - Identity and Discontinuity", Date: 1988
      3. "Corcoran (Kevin) - I'm No Soul, Man: a Response to Baltimore", Date: 2006
      4. "Noonan (Harold) - The Only X and Y Principle", Date: 1985
      5. "Noonan (Harold) - The Possibility of Reincarnation", Date: 1990
    4. Similarity138
      1. "Brennan (Andrew) - Similarity and Affordance", Date: 1988
      2. "Deutsch (Harry) - Identity and General Similarity", Date: 1998
      3. "Fodor (Jerry) - Similarity", Date: 1998
      4. "Gratton-Guiness (I.) - Structural Similarity or Structuralism? Comments on Priest's Analysis of the Paradoxes of Self-Reference", Date: 1998
      5. "Heil (John) - Imperfect Similarity"
      6. "Hirsch (Eli) - Projectibility and Strange Languages", Date: 1993
      7. "Hirsch (Eli) - Similarity and Natural Properties", Date: 1993
      8. "Koslicki (Kathrin) - Constitution and Similarity", Date: 2004
      9. "Martin (C.B.) - Identity and Exact Similarity", Date: 1958
      10. "Maurin (Anna-Sofia) - Same But Different", Date: 2005
      11. "Morreau (Michael) - It Simply Does Not Add Up: Trouble With Overall Similarity", Date: 2010
      12. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Phenomenal Similarity", Date: 2003
      13. "Taylor (Barry) - Transworld Similarity and Transworld Belief", Date: 2004
      14. "Vander Laan (David) - Counterpossibles and Similarity", Date: 2004
    5. Heterodox Views
  3. Change
    1. Change150
      1. "Aune (Bruce) - Changing Things", Date: 1985
      2. "Bottani (Andrea C.) - The Puzzle of Change", Date: 2005
      3. "Brody (Baruch) - The Theory of Change", Date: 1980
      4. "Browning (Douglas) - Sameness Through Change and the Coincidence of Properties", Date: 1988
      5. "Campbell (Scott) - Rapid Psychological Change", Date: 2004
      6. "Carter (William) - Change", Date: 1990
      7. "Denkel (Arda) - Theon’s Tale: Does a Cambridge Change Result in a Substantial Change?", Date: 1995
      8. "Doyle (Robert O.) - Change (Being and Becoming)"
      9. "Haslanger (Sally) - Persistence, Change, and Explanation", Date: 1989
      10. "Heller (Mark) - Things Change", Date: 1992
      11. "Hinchliff (Mark) - The Puzzle of Change", Date: 1996
      12. "Lowe (E.J.) - How Real Is Substantial Change?", Date: 2006
      13. "Lowe (E.J.) - Identity Over Time and Change Of Composition", Date: 2002
      14. "Lowe (E.J.) - Substantial Change and Spatiotemporal Coincidence", Date: 2002
      15. "Mellor (D.H.) - Change", Date: 1998
      16. "Mortensen (Chris) - Change and Inconsistency", Date: 2015
      17. "Oderberg (David) - Temporal Parts and the Possibility of Change", Date: 2004
      18. "Ujvari (Marta) - Cambridge Change and Sortal Essentialism", Date: 2004
    2. Causality151
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Metaphysics and Mental Causation", Date: 1993
      2. "Butchvarov (Panayot) - Relations", Date: 1979
      3. "Campbell (Scott) - Is Causation Necessary for What Matters in Survival?", Date: 2005
      4. "Crane (Tim) & Farkas (Katalin) - Causation: Introduction", Date: 2004
      5. "Elliot (Robert) - Personal Identity And The Causal Continuity Requirement", Date: 1991
      6. "Faye (Jan) - Backward Causation", Date: 2001-10
      7. "Hall (Ned) - Two Concepts of Causation"
      8. "Hershenov (David) - The Memory Criterion and the Problem of Backward Causation", Date: 2007
      9. "Hitchcock (Christopher) - Probabilistic Causation", Date: 1997-2018
      10. "Kim (Jaegwon) - Lonely Souls: Causality and Substance Dualism", Date: 2001
      11. "Luper (Steven) - Retroactive Harms and Wrongs", Date: 2015
      12. "Marcus (Eric) - Mental causation in a physical world", Date: 2005
      13. "McGinn (Colin) - Conceptual Causation: Some Elementary Reflections", Date: 1991
      14. "Mellor (D.H.) - Causation and Time", Date: 1998
      15. "Menzies (Peter) - Counterfactual Theories of Causation", Date: 2001-8
      16. "Merricks (Trenton) - Mental Causation and Free Will", Date: 2001
      17. "Pietroski (Paul) - Causing Actions", Date: 2000
      18. "Salmon (Wesley) - Causation", Date: 1992
      19. "Sosa (Ernest) & Tooley (Michael), Eds. - Causation", Date: 1998
      20. "Swoyer (Chris) - Causation and Identity", Date: 1984
      21. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Free Will Remains a Mystery", Date: 2000
      22. "Wegner (Daniel) - Precis and Peer Review of 'The Illusion of Conscious Will'", Date: 2004
      23. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Immanent Causation", Date: 1997
      24. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Temporal Parts and Supervenient Causation: The Incompatibility of Two Humean Doctrines", Date: 1998
    3. Closest Continuer152
      1. "Bourgeois (Warren) - Contemporary Philosophers' Views on Persons: Nozick's Self-Makers", Date: 2003, Note153
      2. "Coburn (Robert) - Personal Identity Revisited", Date: 1985
      3. "Garrett (Brian) - A Further Reply to Noonan", Date: 1987
      4. "Garrett (Brian) - Noonan, 'Best Candidate' Theories and the Ship of Theseus", Date: 1985
      5. "Heller (Mark) - The best candidate approach to diachronic identity", Date: 1987
      6. "Noonan (Harold) - Reply to Garrett", Date: 1986
      7. "Noonan (Harold) - The Closest Continuer Theory of Identity", Date: 1985
      8. "Nozick (Robert) - Personal Identity Through Time", Date: 1981, Note154
      9. "Valberg (J.J.) - My Future", Date: 2007, Note155
    4. Continuity156
      1. "Brennan (Andrew) - Discontinuity and Identity", Date: 1987
      2. "Brennan (Andrew) - Identity and Continuity", Date: 1988
      3. "Coburn (Robert) - Bodily Continuity and Personal Identity", Date: 1960
      4. "Coburn (Robert) - Identity and Spatio-Temporal Continuity", Date: 1971
      5. "Hall (D. Geoffrey) - Continuity and the Persistence of Objects: When the Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of the Parts", Date: 1998
      6. "Kilborn (William) - Contact and Continuity", Date: 2007
      7. "LePoidevin (Robin) - Continuants and Continuity", Date: 2000
      8. "Oderberg (David) - Continuity as the Criterion of Identity Over Time: Continuity Without Stages?", Date: 1993
      9. "Oderberg (David) - The Myth of Continuity: A Coherent Ontology?", Date: 1993
      10. "Park (Desiree) - Persons and Continuity", Date: 1972
      11. "Runggaldier (Edmund) - Sortal Continuity of Material Things", Date: 1998
      12. "Scaltsas (Theodore) - Identity, Origin and Spatiotemporal Continuity", Date: 1981
    5. Criteria of Identity157
      1. "Ayers (Michael R.) - Individuals Without Sortals", Date: 1974
      2. "Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity: Introduction", Date: 1993
      3. "Bourgeois (Warren) - Contemporary Philosophers' Views on Persons: Parfit: The Oxford Buddhist", Date: 2003
      4. "Catterson (Troy) - Changing the subject: on the subject of subjectivity", Date: 2008
      5. "deClercq (Raphael) - A criterion of diachronic identity based on Locke's Principle", Date: 2005
      6. "Duncan (Matt) - A Renewed Challenge to Anti-Criterialism"
      7. "Garbacz (Pawel) - What is a level of a criterion of identity?", Date: 2002
      8. "Griffin (Nicholas) - Criteria Of Identity", Date: 1977
      9. "Hamlyn (D.W.) - Persons and Personal Identity", Date: 1984
      10. "Hirsch (Eli) - Physical Identity", Date: 1976
      11. "Hudson (Hud) - The Criterion of Personal Identity", Date: 2001
      12. "Lombard (Lawrence B.) - Events", Date: 1979
      13. "Lowe (E.J.) - Impredicative Identity Criteria and Davidson's Criterion of Event Identity", Date: 1989
      14. "Lowe (E.J.) - Individuals, Sorts, and Instantiation", Date: 2009
      15. "Lowe (E.J.) - Objects and Criteria of Identity", Date: 2001
      16. "Lowe (E.J.) - Sortal Terms and Criteria of Identity", Date: 1989
      17. "Lowe (E.J.) - What Is a Criterion Of Identity?", Date: 1989
      18. "Noonan (Harold) - Absolute and Relative Identity", Date: 1996
      19. "Noonan (Harold) - Absolute Identity and Criteria of Identity", Date: 1980
      20. "Noonan (Harold) - Absolute Identity and Criteria of Identity Concluded", Date: 1980
      21. "Noonan (Harold) - Identity: Introduction"
      22. "Noonan (Harold) - Substance, Identity and Time", Date: 1988
      23. "Williams (Christopher) - Myself", Date: 1992
      24. "Williamson (Timothy) - Criteria of Identity and the Axiom Of Choice", Date: 1986
      25. "Wollheim (Richard) - Are the criteria of identity that hold for a work of art in the different arts aesthetically relevant", Date: 1978
      26. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Criteria of Identity and the 'Identity Mystics'", Date: 1998
      27. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Personal Identity and the Survival of Death", Date: 2015
    6. Intermittent Objects158
      1. "Beck (Simon) - Let's Exist Again (Like We Did Last Summer)", Date: 2001
      2. "Corcoran (Kevin) - Dualism, Materialism and the Problem of Post Mortem Survival", Date: 2009
      3. "Hershenov (David) - The Metaphysical Problem of Intermittent Existence and the Possibility of Resurrection", Date: 2003
      4. "Johnston (Mark) - Is Heaven a Place We Can Get To?", Date: 2010
      5. "Merricks (Trenton) - There Are No Criteria For Identity Over Time", Date: 1998
      6. "Oderberg (David) - Fission, Intermittence and the Primitiveness of Identity", Date: 1993
      7. "Simons (Peter) - Temporary Parts and Intermittent Existence", Date: 1987
    7. Properties159
      1. "Armstrong (David) - Properties", Date: 1978
      2. "Jubien (Michael) - Some Properties of Things", Date: 1993
      3. "McGinn (Colin) - Logical Properties", Date: 2003
      4. "McGinn (Colin) - Predication", Date: 2000
      5. "Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex) - Properties : Introduction", Date: 2002
      6. "Mellor (D.H.) & Oliver (Alex), Eds. - Properties: Oxford Readings in Philosophy", Date: 2002
      7. "Olson (Eric) - Properties as parts of ordinary objects"
      8. "Parsons (Josh) - Distributional Properties", Date: 2004
    8. Temporary Intrinsics160
      1. "Botterell (Anthony) - Temporal Parts and Temporary Intrinsics", Date: 2004
      2. "Caplan (Ben) - Why So Tense About the Copula?", Date: 2005
      3. "Della Rocca (Michael) - Primitive Persistence and the Impasse between Three Dimensionalism and Four-Dimensionalism", Date: 2011
      4. "Forbes (Graeme) - Is There a Problem About Persistence?", Date: 2006
      5. "Haslanger (Sally) - Endurance and Temporary Intrinsics", Date: 1989
      6. "Johnston (Mark) - Is There a Problem About Persistence?", Date: 2006
      7. "Lewis (David) - Rearrangement of Particles: Reply to Lowe", Date: 1988
      8. "Lewis (David) - Tensing the Copula", Date: 2006
      9. "Lowe (E.J.) - Lewis on Perdurance Versus Endurance", Date: 1987
      10. "Oderberg (David) - Some Problems of Identity Over Time Considered", Date: 1993
      11. "Sider (Ted) - In Favour of Four-Dimensionalism, Part 1", Date: 2003
      12. "Sider (Ted) - Persistence and Parthood Seminar", Date: 1998
      13. "Sider (Ted) - The Stage View and Temporary Intrinsics", Date: 2006
      14. "Wasserman (Ryan) - The Argument from Temporary Intrinsics", Date: 2003
      15. "Weatherson (Brian) - Growing Individuals and Temporary Intrinsics"
      16. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Temporary Intrinsics and Presentism", Date: 2000
      17. "Zimmerman (Dean) - The A-Theory of Time, The B-Theory of Time, and ‘Taking Tense Seriously’", Date: 2005
  4. Modality161
    1. "Atkinson (Thomas) - Conceivability, Possibility and the Resurrection of Material Beings", Date: 2016
    2. "Bealer (George) - The Origins of Modal Error", Date: 2004
    3. "Gallois (Andre) - Defending the Contingency of Identity", Date: 1998
    4. "Garson (James) - Modal Logic", Date: 2000-9
    5. "Gendler (Tamar Szabo) & Hawthorne (John) - Conceivability and Possibility", Date: 2002
    6. "Girle (Rod) - Modal Logics and Philosophy", Date: 2000
    7. "Hale (Bob) - Modality", Date: 1997
    8. "Hawley (Katherine) - Modality", Date: 2001 / 2004
    9. "Heller (Mark) - The Immorality of Modal Realism, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let the Children Drown", Date: 2003
    10. "Lewis (David) - On the Plurality of Worlds", Date: 1986
    11. "Loux (Michael) - The Necessary and the Possible", Date: 2002
    12. "MacBride (Fraser) - Two Theories of Modality: A Reply to von Wachter", Date: 2005
    13. "McGinn (Colin) - Necessity", Date: 2000
    14. "Melia (Joseph) - Modality", Date: 2003
    15. "Plantinga (Alvin) - Modalities: Basic Concepts and Distinctions", Date: 2012
    16. "Plantinga (Alvin) - The Nature of Necessity", Date: 1974
    17. "Sider (Ted) - The Ersatz Pluriverse", Date: 2002
    18. "Sturgeon (Scott) - Zombies and Ghosts"
    19. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Ontology, Identity and Modality: Essays in metaphysics", Date: 2001, Note: Part III.
    20. "Williamson (Timothy) - Armchair Philosophy, Metaphysical Modality and Counterfactual Thinking", Date: 2005
    21. "Yagisawa (Takashi) - Beyond Possible Worlds", Date: 1988
  5. Does Identity Matter?
    1. Parfit162
      1. "Alexander (Ronald) - A Major Problem With Parfit", Date: 1997
      2. "Alexander (Ronald) - The Self, Supervenience and Personal Identity: Introduction", Date: 1997
      3. "Atkins (Kim) - Personal Identity and the Importance of One's Own Body: A Response to Derek Parfit", Date: 2000
      4. "Belzer (Marvin) - Notes on Relation R", Date: 1996
      5. "Belzer (Marvin) - Self-Conception and Personal Identity: Revisiting Parfit and Lewis with an Eye on the Grip of the Unity Reaction", Date: 2005
      6. "Blackburn (Simon) - Has Kant Refuted Parfit?", Date: 1997
      7. "Brennan (Andrew) - Personal Identity and Personal Survival", Date: 1982
      8. "Brueckner (Anthony) - Parfit On What Matters In Survival", Date: 1993
      9. "Butkovic (Ana) - Does Identity Really Matter? Parfit vs Lewis", Date: 2010
      10. "Campbell (Scott) - Strawson, Parfit and Impersonality", Date: 2000
      11. "Dancy (Jonathan), Ed. - Reading Parfit", Date: 1997
      12. "Ehring (Douglas) - Personal identity and the R-relation: Reconciliation through cohabitation?", Date: 1995
      13. "Gendler (Tamar Szabo) - Personal Identity and Thought Experiments", Date: 2002
      14. "Hooker (Brad) - Parfit's Arguments for the Present-Aim Theory", Date: 1992
      15. "Johnston (Mark) - A New Refutation Of Death", Date: 2010
      16. "Johnston (Mark) - Fission and the Facts"
      17. "Johnston (Mark) - Reasons and Reductionism", Date: 1992
      18. "Kamm (F.M.) - The Asymmetry Problem: Death and Prenatal Nonexistence"
      19. "Korsgaard (Christine) - Personal Identity and the Unity of Agency: A Kantian Response to Parfit", Date: 1989
      20. "Luper (Steven) - Past Desires and the Dead", Date: 2005
      21. "McCall (Catherine) - Assessment of Parfit's Analysis", Date: 1990
      22. "McCall (Catherine) - Parfit's Theory of Personal Identity", Date: 1990
      23. "Merricks (Trenton) - Review of Jonathan Dancy's 'Reading Parfit'", Date: 1999
      24. "Parfit (Derek) - Comments", Date: 1986
      25. "Parfit (Derek) - On 'The Importance of Self-Identity'", Date: 1971
      26. "Parfit (Derek) - Prudence, morality, and the prisoner's dilemma", Date: 1979
      27. "Parfit (Derek) - The Indeterminacy Of Identity: A Reply To Brueckner", Date: 1993
      28. "Parfit (Derek) - We Are Not Human Beings", Date: 2016
      29. "Penelhum (Terence) - The Importance of Self-Identity", Date: 1971
      30. "Perrett (Roy W.) - Personal Identity, Minimalism, And Madhyamaka", Date: 2002
      31. "Perry (John) - Time, Fission, and Personal Identity", Date: 2019
      32. "Roberts (Melinda) - Lewis's Theory Of Personal Identity", Date: 1983
      33. "Robinson (John) - Personal Identity and Survival", Date: 1988
      34. "Rovane (Carol) - Branching Self-Consciousness", Date: 1990
      35. "Schechtman (Marya) - Personhood and Personal Identity", Date: 1990
      36. "Schechtman (Marya) - Self and Self-Interest", Date: 2002
      37. "Seibt (Johanna) - Fission, Sameness, and Survival: Parfit’s Branch Line Argument Revisited", Date: 2000
      38. "Shoemaker (David) - Selves and Moral Units", Date: 1999
      39. "Shoemaker (David) - Utilitarianism and Personal Identity", Date: 1999
      40. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Review of Derek Parfit's 'Reasons and Persons'", Date: 1985
      41. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Self and Substance", Date: 2003
      42. "Valberg (J.J.) - My Future: The Puzzle of Division", Date: 2007
      43. "Velleman (David) - Persons in Prospect (Revised)", Date: 2015
      44. "Velleman (David) - The Identity Problem", Date: 2008, Note163
      45. "Wolf (Susan) - Self-Interest and Interest in Selves", Date: 1986
      46. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Materialism, Dualism, and “Simple” Theories of Personal Identity", Date: 2012
    2. What Matters164
      1. "Agar (Nicholas) - Functionalism and Personal Identity", Date: 2003
      2. "Baillie (James) - Methodology Matters", Date: 1993
      3. "Campbell (Scott) - Could Your Life Have Been Different?", Date: 2000
      4. "Campbell (Scott) - Is Connectedness Necessary to What Matters in Survival?", Date: 2001
      5. "Chappell (Tim), Chappell (Sophie Grace) - Reductionism about Persons; And What Matters", Date: 1998
      6. "DeGrazia (David) - Identity, Killing, and the Boundaries of Our Existence", Date: 2003
      7. "Dennett (Daniel) - Our Minds and Other Minds", Date: 1996
      8. "Duncan-Jones (Austin) - Man's Mortality", Date: 1968
      9. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Lewis, 'Survival and Identity'", Date: 2014
      10. "Gillett (Grant) - Brain Bisection and Personal Identity", Date: 1986
      11. "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Personal identity and Purgatory", Date: 2006
      12. "Martin (Raymond) - Memory, Connecting and What Matters In Survival", Date: 1987
      13. "Martin (Raymond) - What really matters", Date: 2008
      14. "Martin (Raymond), Barresi (John) & Giovannelli (Alessandro) - Fission Examples in 18th and Early 19th century Personal Identity Debate", Date: 1998
      15. "Measor (Nicholas) - On What Matters in Survival", Date: 1980
      16. "Olson (Eric) - Self: Personal Identity"
      17. "Parfit (Derek) - On What Matters: Volume One", Date: 2011
      18. "Parfit (Derek) - On What Matters: Volume Three", Date: 2017
      19. "Parfit (Derek) - On What Matters: Volume Two", Date: 2011
      20. "Sider (Ted) - All the World's a Stage", Date: 2006
      21. "Singer (Peter), Ed. - Does Anything Really Matter? Essays on Parfit on Objectivity", Date: 2017
      22. "Stone (Jim) - Parfit and the Buddha: Why There Are No People", Date: 1988
      23. "Stone (Jim) - Why there are still no people", Date: 2005
      24. "Vasiliou (Iakovos) - Reality, What Matters, and The Matrix", Date: 2005
      25. "Velleman (David) - Identification and Identity", Date: 2002
  6. Kinds
    1. Kinds165
      1. "Doepke (Frederick) - The Kinds of Things: A Theory of Personal Identity Based on Transcendental Argument", Date: 1996, Note166
      2. "Elder (Crawford) - Real Natures and Familiar Objects", Date: 2004, Note: Read the Synopsis first.
      3. "Elder (Crawford) - Real Natures and Familiar Objects: Synopsis"
      4. "French (Peter) - Kinds and Persons", Date: 1983
      5. "Johnston (Mark) - Manifest Kinds", Date: 1997
      6. "Kornblith (Hilary) - Concepts and Kinds"
      7. "Lowe (E.J.) - Kinds of Being: Study of Individuation, Identity and the Logic of Sortal Terms", Date: 1989
      8. "Lowe (E.J.) - More Kinds of Being: A Further Study of Individuation, Identity and the Logic of Sortal Terms", Date: 2015, Note167
    2. Metamorphosis168
      1. "Bynum (Caroline) - Metamorphosis and Identity", Date: 2001
      2. "Price (Marjorie) - Identity Through Time", Date: 1977
      3. "Sacks (Oliver) - An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales", Date: 1995
      4. "Wexelblatt (Robert) - The Higher Parody: Ivan Ilych's Metamorphosis and the Death of Gregor Samsa", Date: 1980, Note169
    3. Natural Kinds170
      1. "Bird (Alexander) & Tobin (Emma) - Natural Kinds", Date: 2008-17
      2. "Brown (Jessica) - Natural Kind Terms and Recognitional Capacities", Date: 1998
      3. "Daly (Chris) - Review. Natural kinds. T.E. Wilkerson", Date: 1996
      4. "Dupre (John) - Is 'Natural Kind' a Natural Kind Term?", Date: 2002
      5. "Dupre (John) - Wilkerson on Natural Kinds", Date: 1989
      6. "Elder (Crawford) - Review. Natural kinds. T.E. Wilkerson", Date: 1997
      7. "Ereshefsky (Marc) - Bridging the Gap between Human Kinds and Biological Kinds", Date: 2004
      8. "Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander) - What are Natural Kinds?", Date: 2011
      9. "Kitcher (Patricia) - Natural Kinds and Unnatural Persons", Date: 1979
      10. "LaPorte (Joseph) - Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change: Introduction"
      11. "Madell (Geoffrey) - The Identity of the Self", Date: 1985
      12. "Mellor (D.H.) - Natural Kinds", Date: 1977
      13. "Quine (W.V.) - Natural Kinds"
      14. "Schwartz (Stephen P.) - Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds: Introduction", Date: 1977
      15. "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Natural Kinds", Date: 1995
  7. Ontology
    1. Ontology171
      1. "Ayers (Michael R.) - Locke (Vol 2 - Ontology)", Date: 1991
      2. "Bacon (John), Campbell (Keith) & Reinhardt (Lloyd) - Ontology, Causality and Mind", Date: 1993
      3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Ontology and Ordinary Objects", Date: 2012
      4. "Descombes (Vincent) - Objects of All Sorts - A Philosophical Grammar", Date: 2003
      5. "Fodor (Jerry) - Innateness and Ontology, Part I: The Standard Argument", Date: 1998
      6. "Fodor (Jerry) - Innateness and Ontology, Part II: Natural Kind Concepts", Date: 1998
      7. "Gallois (Andre) - Does Ontology Rest on a Mistake?", Date: 1998
      8. "Hamlyn (D.W.) - Ontology", Date: 1984
      9. "Heller (Mark) - The Ontology of Physical Objects: Four-Dimensional Hunks of Matter", Date: 1990
      10. "Hirsch (Eli) - Dividing Reality", Date: 1993
      11. "Jubien (Michael) - Ontology, Modality, and the Fallacy of Reference", Date: 1993
      12. "Martin (Raymond) - Review of 'Doepke - The Kinds of Things: A Theory of Personal Identity Based on Transcendental Argument'", Date: 2001
      13. "Merricks (Trenton) - Objects and Persons", Date: 2001
      14. "Olson (Eric) - The Ontology of Material Objects", Date: 2002
      15. "Olson (Eric) - What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology", Date: 2007
      16. "Sattig (Thomas) - The Paradox of Fission and the Ontology of Ordinary Objects", Date: 2012
      17. "Simons (Peter) - Parts: A Study in Ontology", Date: 1987
      18. "Unger (Peter) - Why There Are No People"
      19. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - A Materialist Ontology of the Human Person", Date: 2007
      20. "Varzi (Achille) & Smith (Barry) - Surrounding Space: On the Ontology of Organism-Environment Relations", Date: 2002
      21. "Williams (Christopher) - Being, Ontology, and Reality", Date: 1992
      22. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Review of Heller's 'The Ontology of Physical Objects'"
    2. Artifacts172
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Artifacts", Date: 2007
      2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - On the Twofold Nature of Artefacts: A Response to Wybo Houkes and Anthonie Meijers", Date: 2006
      3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Shrinking Difference - Response to Replies", Date: 2010
      4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Metaphysics of Malfunction"
      5. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Ontological Significance of Artefacts", Date: 2011
      6. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Ontology of Artifacts", Date: 2004
      7. "Bloom (Paul) - Artifacts", Date: 2004
      8. "Carter (William) - Salmon on Artifact Origins and Lost Possibilities", Date: 1983
      9. "Denkel (Arda) - Artifacts and Constituents", Date: 1995
      10. "Dennett (Daniel) - Artifactual Selves: a Response to Lynne Rudder Baker", Date: 2014
      11. "Dennett (Daniel) - The Self as a Responding - and Responsible - Artifact", Date: 2003
      12. "Elder (Crawford) - Artifacts and Other Copied Kinds", Date: 2004
      13. "Hershenov (David) - Organisms, Artifacts, and Eliminativism"
      14. "Hershenov (David) - Scattered Artifacts", Date: 2002
      15. "Houkes (Wybo) & Vermaas (Pieter) - Actions Versus Functions: A Plea For An Alternative Metaphysics Of Artifacts", Date: 2004
      16. "Katayama (Errol) - Aristotle on Artifacts: A Metaphysical Puzzle", Date: 1999
      17. "Lowe (E.J.) - On the Identity of Artifacts", Date: 1983
      18. "Merricks (Trenton) - Belief and Practice", Date: 2001
      19. "Merricks (Trenton) - Explaining Eliminativism", Date: 2001
      20. "Puccetti (Roland) - Person-Artifacts", Date: 1968
      21. "Putman (Daniel) - Natural Kinds and Human Artifacts", Date: 1982
      22. "Richmond (Alasdair) - Time Travel, Parahistory and the Past Artefact Dilemma", Date: 2010
      23. "Symons (John) - The Individuality of Artifacts and Organisms", Date: 2010
      24. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Artifacts", Date: 1990
      25. "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity", Date: 2001
    3. Existence173
      1. "Aune (Bruce) - Existence", Date: 1985
      2. "Ayer (A.J.) - Logic and Existence"
      3. "Azzouni (Jody) - Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism", Date: 2004
      4. "Bednarowski (W.) - The Riddle of Existence", Date: 1976
      5. "Burke (Michael) - Introduction to Existence", Date: 1999
      6. "Butchvarov (Panayot) - Existence", Date: 1979
      7. "Cartwright (Richard) - Negative Existentials", Date: 1960
      8. "Hawley (Katherine) - Vagueness and Existence", Date: 2002
      9. "Kaufman (Frederik) - Pre-Vital and Post-Mortem Non-Existence", Date: 1999
      10. "Lowe (E.J.) - The Puzzle of Existence", Date: 2001
      11. "Mackie (J.L.) - The Riddle of Existence", Date: 1976
      12. "McGinn (Colin) - Existence", Date: 2000
      13. "Oppy (Graham) - Is existence a predicate?", Date: 2007
      14. "Oppy (Graham) - Review of Dale Jacquette's 'Meinongian Logic: The Semantics of Existence and Nonexistence'", Date: 1998
      15. "Prior (Arthur N.) - Time, Existence, and Identity", Date: 1968
      16. "Quine (W.V.) - Existence and Quantification"
      17. "Quine (W.V.) - Notes on Existence and Necessity", Date: 1952
      18. "Salmon (Nathan) - Existence", Date: 2005
      19. "Sosa (Ernest) - Addendum to 'Nonabsolute Existence and Conceptual Relativity': Objections and Replies"
      20. "Sosa (Ernest) - Nonabsolute Existence and Conceptual Relativity"
      21. "Strawson (Peter) - Is Existence Never a Predicate?", Date: 1967
      22. "Williams (Christopher) - Death and Other Difficulties", Date: 1992
      23. "Williams (Christopher) - What is Existence?", Date: 1981
      24. "Williams (S.G.) - Existence"
      25. "Williamson (Timothy) - Necessary Existents", Date: 2002
    4. Individuals174
      1. "Allaire (Edwin B.) - Things, Relations and Identity", Date: 1967
      2. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - The Principle of Individuation: II", Date: 1953
      3. "Barber (Kenneth F.) - Individuation and Identity in Early Modern Philosophy (Descartes to Kant): Introduction", Date: 1994
      4. "Bergmann (Gustav) - Individuals", Date: 1958
      5. "Bergmann (Gustav) - Strawson's Ontology", Date: 1960
      6. "Castaneda (Hector-Neri) - Individuation and Non-Identity: A New Look", Date: 1975
      7. "Collier (John) - Self-Organization, Individuation and Identity", Date: 2004
      8. "DeGrazia (David) - Prenatal Identity: Genetic Interventions, Reproductive Choices", Date: 2005
      9. "Doyle (Robert O.) - The Problem of Individuation"
      10. "Gabbay (Dov M.) & Moravcsik (Julius) - Sameness and Individuation", Date: 1973
      11. "Lewis (David) - Individuation By Acquaintance and By Stipulation", Date: 1983
      12. "Lombard (Lawrence B.) - Individuation"
      13. "Lowe (E.J.) - Individuation", Date: 2003
      14. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Brains", Date: 2007
      15. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Bundles", Date: 2007
      16. "Quinton (Anthony) - Individuation", Date: 1973
      17. "Rosenkrantz (Gary) - The Problem of Individuation", Date: 1993
      18. "Russell (Bertrand) - The Principle of Individuation", Date: 1948
      19. "Sidelle (Alan) - Necessity, Essence, and Individuation", Date: 1989
      20. "Strawson (Peter) - Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics", Date: 1960, Note175
      21. "Wiggins (David) - Essentialism, Continuity, and Identity", Date: 1974
      22. "Williams (Bernard) - Personal Identity and Individuation", Date: 1957
      23. "Williams (Bernard) - Strawson On Individuals", Date: 1961
    5. Matter176
      1. "Butterfield (Jeremy) - On the Persistence of Homogeneous Matter", Note177
      2. "Chappell (Vere) - Locke on the Ontology of Matter, Living Things and Persons", Date: 1990
      3. "Chappell (Vere) - Matter", Date: 1973
      4. "Cooper (John M.) - Chappell and Aristotle on Matter", Date: 1973
      5. "Dancy (Russell) - Matter: Aristotle and Chappell", Date: 1973
      6. "Fales (Evan) - Essentialism and the elementary constituents of matter", Date: 1986
      7. "Grayling (Anthony) - Esse est Percipi: Against Matter", Date: 1985
      8. "Heller (Mark) - Preface: The Ontology of Physical Objects - Four-Dimensional Hunks of Matter", Date: 1990
      9. "Lowe (E.J.) - Matter and Form", Date: 2001
      10. "Olson (Eric) - Objects and Their Matter"
      11. "Parker (Wendy) - Does Matter Really Matter? Computer Simulations, Experiments, and Materiality", Date: 2008?
      12. "Russell (Bertrand) - The Ultimate Constituents of Matter", Date: 1976
      13. "Ward (Keith) - More Than Matter: Is Matter All We Really Are?", Date: 2010
      14. "White (Nicholas) - Identity, modal individuation, and matter in Aristotle", Date: 1986
    6. Mind178
      1. "Dainton (Barry) - The Place of Mind in the World", Date: 2014
      2. "Hamlyn (D.W.) - Minds", Date: 1984
      3. "Johnston (Mark) - Objective Mind and the Objectivity of Our Minds", Date: 2007
      4. "Taylor (Richard) - The Mind as a Function of the Body", Date: 1991
      5. "Tierney (Hannah), Howard (Chris), Kumar (Victor), Kvaran (Trevor) & Nichols (Shaun) - How Many of Us Are There?", Date: 2014
      6. "Weisman (David) - Dissolution into Death: The Mind’s Last Symptoms Indicate Annihilation", Date: 2015
    7. Naturalism179
      1. "Almeder (Robert) - Harmless Naturalism: The Limits of Science and the Nature of Philosophy", Date: 1998
      2. "Almeder (Robert) - On Naturalizing Epistemology", Date: 1990
      3. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - A Reply to Mr C. S. Lewis's Argument that 'Naturalism' is Self-Refuting", Date: 1981
      4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Can Subjectivity be Naturalized?", Date: 2013
      5. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Does Naturalism Rest on a Mistake?", Date: 2011
      6. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective", Date: 2013
      7. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The First-Person Perspective: A Test For Naturalism", Date: 1998
      8. "Beilby (James), Ed. - Naturalism Defeated?: Essays on Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism", Date: 2002
      9. "Devitt (Michael) - A Naturalistic Defense of Realism", Date: 1999
      10. "Dretske (Fred) - Naturalising the Mind: The 1994 Jean Nicod Lectures", Date: 1999
      11. "Eales (Evan) - Naturalism and Physicalism", Date: 2007
      12. "French (Peter), Uehling (Theodore) & Wettstein (Howard) - Midwest Studies in Philosophy (Vol XIX) - Philosophical Naturalism", Date: 1994
      13. "Kornblith (Hilary) - Naturalizing Epistemology", Date: 1994
      14. "Papineau (David) - Naturalism", Date: 2015
      15. "Papineau (David) - Philosophical Naturalism", Date: 1993, Note180
      16. "Plantinga (Alvin) - Methodological Naturalism?", Date: 1996
      17. "Putnam (Hilary) - Why Reason Can't Be Naturalized", Date: 1996
      18. "Sklar (Lawrence) - I'd Love to Be a Naturalist—if Only I Knew What Naturalism Was", Date: 2010
      19. "Sklar (Lawrence) - Naturalism and the Interpretation of Theories", Date: 2001
      20. "Sosa (Ernest) - Natural Theology and Natural Atheology: Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism", Date: 2007
      21. "Stenmark (Mikael) - What Is Scientism", Date: 1997
      22. "Walsh (Denis), Ed. - Naturalism, Evolution and the Mind", Date: 2001
      23. "Wright (Crispin) - The Conceivability of Naturalism", Date: 2002
    8. Physicalism181
      1. "Anders (Paul C.) - Material Being and the Survival of Death: A Dilemma for the Religiously Oriented Materialist", Date: 2006
      2. "Armstrong (David) - A Materialist Theory of the Mind", Date: 1993
      3. "Bailey (Andrew M.) - The Elimination Argument", Date: 2014
      4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Christian Materialism in a Scientific Age", Date: 2011
      5. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Materialism with a Human Face", Date: 2001
      6. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Nonreductive Materialism", Date: 2009
      7. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Review of 'A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person' by Hud Hudson", Date: 2003
      8. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Saving Belief: A Critique of Physicalism", Date: 1987
      9. "Bishop (Robert C.) - The hidden premiss in the causal argument for physicalism", Date: 2006
      10. "Blose (B.L.) - Materialism and Disembodied Minds", Date: 1981
      11. "Bruntrup (Godehard) - Soul, Body and Survival: The Renaissance of Christian Materialism", Date: 2009
      12. "Chalmers (David) - The Two-Dimensional Argument Against Materialism"
      13. "Churchland (Paul) - Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes", Date: 1991
      14. "Corcoran (Kevin) - Nothing-But Materialism", Date: 2006
      15. "Corcoran (Kevin) - Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul", Date: 2006
      16. "Crane (Tim) - Against Physicalism", Date: 1994
      17. "Crane (Tim) & Mellor (D.H.) - There is No Question of Physicalism", Date: 1990
      18. "Dasgupta (Shamik) - The Possibility of Physicalism", Date: 2015
      19. "Davis (Stephen T.) - Physicalism and Resurrection", Date: 2001
      20. "Feyerabend (Paul) - Materialism and the Mind-body Problem"
      21. "Field (Hartry) - Physicalism", Date: 1993
      22. "Frances (Bryan) - Externalism, Physicalism, Statues, and Hunks", Date: 2007
      23. "Goff (Philip) - The Cartesian Argument Against Physicalism", Date: 2012
      24. "Hacking (Ian) - Comments on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", Date: 1976
      25. "Herbert (R.T.) - Dualism/Materialism", Date: 1998
      26. "Hershenov (David) - Van Inwagen, Zimmerman, and the Materialist Conception of Resurrection", Date: 2002
      27. "Horgan (Terence) - Physicalism", Date: 1994
      28. "Hornsby (Jennifer) - Physicalism, Conceptual Analysis and Acts of Faith"
      29. "Hudson (Hud) - A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person", Date: 2001
      30. "Huttemann (Andreas) & Papineau (David) - Physicalism decomposed", Date: 2005
      31. "Kim (Jaegwon) - Physicalism and the Multiple Realizability of Mental States", Date: 1980
      32. "Kim (Jaegwon) - Reductive and Non-Reductive Physicalism", Date: 1998
      33. "Kim (Jaegwon) - The Myth of Nonreductive Materialism", Date: 1999
      34. "Kirk (Robert) - From Physical Explicability to Full-Blooded Materialism", Date: 1979
      35. "Kirk (Robert) - Reply to Don Locke on Zombies and Materialism", Date: 1977
      36. "Kirk (Robert) - Zombies versus Materialists (I)", Date: 1974
      37. "Levine (Joseph) - Materialism: 'All In My Brain'", Date: 2001
      38. "Lewis (David) - Should a Materialist Believe In Qualia?"
      39. "Lund (David) - Perception, Mind and Personal Identity: a Critique of Materialism", Date: 1994
      40. "Madell (Geoffrey) - Materialism and the First Person"
      41. "Marcus (Ruth Barcan) - Comments on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", Date: 1976
      42. "Margolis (Joseph) - Persons and Minds: Prospects of Nonreductive Materialism", Date: 1978
      43. "Markosian (Ned) - What are Physical Objects?", Date: 2000
      44. "McGinn (Colin) - Philosophical Materialism", Date: 2004
      45. "Meister (Chad) & Taliaferro (Charles) - Neuroscience and the Soul - Philosophical Issues: Introduction", Date: 2013
      46. "Melnyk (Andrew) - Physicalism", Date: 2003
      47. "Merricks (Trenton) - How to Live Forever Without Saving Your Soul: Physicalism and Immortality", Date: 2001
      48. "Merricks (Trenton) - The Word Made Flesh: Dualism, Physicalism, and the Incarnation", Date: 2007
      49. "Meyering (Theo C.) - Mind Matters: Physicalism and the Autonomy of the Person", Date: 2000
      50. "Miller (Kristie) & Loo (Jane Weiling) - Presentism, Passage, Phenomenology and Physicalism", Date: 2016
      51. "Moreland (J.P.) - Review of Hud Hudson 'A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person'", Date: 2003
      52. "Murphy (Nancey) - Non-Reductive Physicalism: Philosophical Issues", Date: 1998
      53. "Murphy (Nancey) - Supervenience and the Downward Efficacy of the Mental: A Nonreductive Physicalist Account of Human Action", Date: 2000
      54. "Murphy (Nancey) - What are the philosophical challenges to physicalism? Human distinctiveness, divine action, and personal identity", Date: 2006
      55. "Nagel (Thomas) - Physicalism", Date: 1970
      56. "Nolan (Daniel) - Realism and Reductive Materialism About the Mind", Date: 2005
      57. "Papineau (David) - Comments on Galen Strawson: 'Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism'", Date: 2006
      58. "Papineau (David) - Physicalism and the Human Sciences", Date: 2009
      59. "Papineau (David) - The Case for Materialism", Date: 2002
      60. "Papineau (David) - The Rise of Physicalism", Date: 2000
      61. "Place (U.T.) - Materialism as a Scientific Hypothesis", Date: 1970
      62. "Plantinga (Alvin) - Materialism and Christian Belief", Date: 2007
      63. "Pollock (John L.) - The Physical Basis For Mentality", Date: 1989
      64. "Popper (Karl) - Materialism Criticized"
      65. "Popper (Karl) - Materialism Transcends Itself"
      66. "Post (Stephen G.) - A Moral Case for Nonreductive Physicalism", Date: 1998
      67. "Puccetti (Roland) - A Materialist Fallacy of Mind", Date: 1970
      68. "Rosenthal (David), Ed. - Materialism and the Mind-Body Problem", Date: 1971
      69. "Scheman (Naomi) - Feminism in Philosophy of Mind: Against Physicalism"
      70. "Searle (John) - The Recent History of Materialism: The Same Mistake", Date: 1992
      71. "Searle (John) - What's Wrong with the Philosophy of Mind?", Date: 1992
      72. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Personal Identity: a Materialist Account", Date: 1984
      73. "Slors (Marc) - The Vacuity of Physicalism and the Sui Generis Character of the Mental Order", Date: 1997
      74. "Smart (J.C.C.) - Materialism", Date: 1970
      75. "Snowdon (Paul) - On Formulating Materialism and Dualism"
      76. "Sturgeon (Scott) - Physicalism and Overdetermination", Date: 1998
      77. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Materialism and the Psychological-continuity Account of Personal Identity", Date: 1994
      78. "Von Eckardt (Barbara) - Margolis, Persons, and Nonreductive Materialism", Date: 1981
      79. "Walsh (Denis) & Wiebe (Kayla) - The Being of Living Beings: Foundationalist Materialism versus Hylomorphism", Date: 2020
      80. "Wang (Hao) - On 'Computabilism' and Physicalism: Some Subproblems", Date: 1995
      81. "Wiggins (David) - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", Date: 1976
      82. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Comments by Marcus and Hacking on Wiggins - Identity, Necessity and Physicalism", Date: 1976
      83. "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Science and Philosophy: Materialism", Date: 1974
      84. "Zimmerman (Dean) - The Compatibility of Materialism and Survival: The “Falling Elevator” Model", Date: 1999
    9. Scattered Objects182
      1. "Chisholm (Roderick) - Scattered Objects", Date: 1987
    10. Thisness (Haecceity)183
      1. "Adams (Robert Merrihew) - Actualism and Thisness", Date: 1981
      2. "Adams (Robert Merrihew) - Primitive Thisness and Primitive Identity", Date: 1979
      3. "Allaire (Edwin B.) - Another Look at Bare Particulars", Date: 1999
      4. "Bailey (Andrew M.) - No Bare Particulars", Date: 2012
      5. "Davis (Richard Brian) - Haecceities, individuation and the Trinity: a reply to Keith Yandell", Date: 2002
      6. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Adams, 'Primitive Thisness and Primitive Identity'", Date: 2014
      7. "Johnston (Mark) - 'Human Beings' Revisited: My Body is Not an Animal", Date: 2007
      8. "Moyer (Mark) - Defending Coincidence: An Explanation of a Sort", Date: 2003
      9. "Rosenkrantz (Gary) - Haecceity: An Ontological Essay", Note184
      10. "Savitt (Steven) - Notes on Adams 'Primitive Thisness and Primitive Identity'"
      11. "Skow (Bradford) - Haecceitism, Anti-Haecceitism and Possible Worlds", Date: 2008
      12. "Swinburne (Richard) - Body and Soul", Date: 1997, Note185
      13. "Swinburne (Richard) - The Nature of Souls; Their Thisness", Date: 1997, Note186
    11. Universals187
      1. "Armstrong (David) - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 1: Nominalism and Realism)", Date: 1980
      2. "Armstrong (David) - Universals and Scientific Realism (Vol. 2: A Theory of Universals)", Date: 1980
      3. "Aune (Bruce) - Universals and Particulars", Date: 1985
      4. "Bealer (George) - Universals and Properties", Date: 1999
      5. "Doyle (Robert O.) - Abstract Entities"
      6. "Fine (Gail) - On Ideas - Introduction"
      7. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Lewis, 'New Work for a Theory of Universals'", Date: 2014
      8. "Hawley (Katherine) - David Lewis on Persistence"
      9. "Hawley (Katherine) - Mereology, Modality and Magic", Date: 2010
      10. "Lewis (David) - New Work for a Theory of Universals", Date: 1983
      11. "Loux (Michael) - The Problem of Universals I: Metaphysical Realism", Date: 2002
      12. "Loux (Michael) - The Problem of Universals II: Nominalism", Date: 2002
      13. "MacBride (Fraser) - The Particular-Universal Distinction: A Dogma of Metaphysics?", Date: 2005
      14. "Moreland (J.P.) - Universals", Date: 2001, Note188
      15. "O'Leary-Hawthorne (John) & Cover (J.A.) - A World of Universals", Date: 1998
      16. "Sider (Ted) - Sparseness, Immanence, and Naturalness", Date: 1995, Note189
      17. "Teichman (Jenny) - Three Kinds of Realism About Universals", Date: 1989
  8. Sortals
    1. Sortals190
      1. "Baldwin (Thomas) - Reviews: Sameness and Substance by David Wiggins; Objects and Identity by Harold Noonan", Date: 1982
      2. "Bennett (Daniel) - Essential Properties", Date: 1969
      3. "Bennett (Karen) - Spatio-Temporal Coincidence and the Grounding Problem", Date: 2004
      4. "Braddon-Mitchell (David) & Miller (Kristie) - Talking about a Universalist World", Date: 2006
      5. "Brennan (Andrew) - Stages, Sortals, and Possible Worlds", Date: 1988
      6. "Burke (Michael) - Dion, Theon, and the many-thinkers problem", Date: 2004
      7. "Burke (Michael) - Preserving the Principle of One Object to a Place: A Novel Account of the Relations Amongst Objects, Sorts, Sortals, and Persistence Conditions", Date: 1997
      8. "Campbell (John) - Sortals and the Binding Problem", Date: 2006
      9. "Cocchiarella (Nino) - On the Logic of Natural Kinds", Date: 1976
      10. "Feldman (Fred) - Sortal Predicates", Date: 1973
      11. "Griffin (Nicholas) - Sortals", Date: 1977
      12. "Hawley (Katherine) - Sheer Coincidence?", Date: 2001
      13. "Hughes (Christopher) - Is a Thing Just the Sum of Its Parts", Date: 1986
      14. "Mackie (Penelope) - Sortal Concepts and Essential Properties", Date: 1994
      15. "Oderberg (David) - Coincidence Under a Sortal", Date: 1996
      16. "Rapp (Christof) - Runggaldier on the Cohabitation of Material Objects", Date: 1998
      17. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Realization, Micro-Realization, and Coincidence", Date: 2003
      18. "Stevenson (Leslie) - A formal theory of sortal quantification", Date: 1975
      19. "Stone (Jim) - Why Sortal Essentialism Cannot Solve Chrysippus's Puzzle", Date: 2002
      20. "Wiggins (David) - Sortal Concepts: A Reply to Xu", Date: 2016
      21. "Wiggins (David) - Sortal Concepts: and the Characteristic Activity or Function or Purpose of their Compliants", Date: 2001
    2. Phase Sortals191
      1. "Campbell (Scott) - Persons and Substances", Date: 2001
      2. "Wiggins (David) - Metaphysics: Substance", Date: 1998
      3. "Wiggins (David) - Outline of a Theory of Individuation (S&S)", Date: 1980
      4. "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance", Date: 1980
      5. "Wiggins (David) - The Absoluteness of Sameness (S&S)", Date: 1980
  9. Substance or Process?
    1. Substance192
      1. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Substance (Part 1)", Date: 1964
      2. "Ayers (Michael R.) - Part I: Substance and Mode", Date: 1991
      3. "Ayers (Michael R.) - Substance: Prolegomena to a Realist Theory of Identity", Date: 1991
      4. "Broackes (Justin) - Substance", Date: 2006
      5. "Broackes (Justin) & Hacker (P.M.S.) - Substance: Things and Stuffs", Date: 2004
      6. "Butchvarov (Panayot) - Substances", Date: 1979
      7. "Carter (William) - Substance", Date: 1990
      8. "Hacker (P.M.S.) - Substance: The Constitution of Reality"
      9. "Hamlyn (D.W.) - Simple Substances: Monism and Pluralism", Date: 1984
      10. "Hamlyn (D.W.) - Substance", Date: 1984
      11. "Hasker (William) - Persons as Emergent Substances", Date: 2001
      12. "Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne), Eds. - Persistence : Contemporary Readings", Date: 2006
      13. "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Account of Function and Substance Concepts"
      14. "Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary) - Substance: Its Nature and Existence", Date: 1997
      15. "Korner (Stephan) - Substance (Part 2)", Date: 1964
      16. "Koslicki (Kathrin) - In Defense of Substance", Date: 2015
      17. "Lizza (John) - Persons as Substances", Date: 2006
      18. "Loux (Michael) - Beyond Substrata and Bundles: A Prolegomenon to a Substance Ontology", Date: 1999
      19. "Lowe (E.J.) - Introduction to Substance", Date: 1999
      20. "Lowe (E.J.) - Locke: Substance"
      21. "Lowe (E.J.) - Persistence and Substance", Date: 2001
      22. "Lowe (E.J.) - Substance and Dependence", Date: 2001
      23. "Lowe (E.J.) - Substance and Selfhood"
      24. "Lowe (E.J.) - Substance, Identity and Time", Date: 1988
      25. "Lowe (E.J.) - The Possibility of Metaphysics: Substance, Identity and Time", Date: 2001
      26. "Olson (Eric) - A Compound of Two Substances", Date: 2001
      27. "Reck (Andrew) - Substance and Chisholm's Concept of the Person"
      28. "Robinson (Howard) - Substance", Date: 2004-9
      29. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Are Selves Substances?", Date: 1963
      30. "Simons (Peter) - Farewell to Substance: A Differentiated Leave-Taking", Date: 1998
      31. "Toner (Patrick) - Emergent Substance", Date: 2008
      32. "Toner (Patrick) - Independence accounts of substance and substantial parts", Date: 2011
      33. "Toner (Patrick) - Transubstantiation, essentialism, and substance", Date: 2011, Note193
      34. "Wiggins (David) - Substance", Date: 2016
      35. "Woolhouse (Roger) - Descartes and Substance", Date: 1993, Note194
      36. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Review of Hoffman & Rosenkrantz's 'Substance: Its Nature and Existence'", Date: 1999
    2. Process Metaphysics195
      1. "Markosian (Ned) - Brutal Composition", Date: 1998
      2. "Meincke (Anne Sophie) - Persons as Biological Processes: A Bio-Processual Way Out of the Personal Identity Dilemma", Date: 2018
      3. "Meincke (Anne Sophie) - Processual Animalism: Towards a Scientifically Informed Theory of Personal Identity", Date: 2020
      4. "Meincke (Anne Sophie) - The Disappearance of Change: Towards a Process Account of Persistence", Date: 2018
      5. "Meincke (Anne Sophie) & Dupre (John) - Biological Identity: Why Metaphysicians and Philosophers of Biology Should Talk to One Another", Date: 2020
      6. "Miller (Kristie) - The Existential Quantifier, Composition and Contingency", Date: 2010
      7. "Parsons (Josh) - Conceptual Conservatism and Contingent Composition", Date: 2005
      8. "Rescher (Nicholas) - Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy", Date: 1996
      9. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - The Special Composition Question", Date: 1990
      10. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - When are Objects Parts?", Date: 1987
  10. Convention
    1. Convention196
      1. "Braddon-Mitchell (David) & Miller (Kristie) - How To Be A Conventional Person", Date: 2004
      2. "Davidson (Donald) - Communication and Convention", Date: 2001
      3. "Elder (Crawford) - Conventionalism: Epistemology Made Easy, Ontology Made Paradoxical", Date: 2004
      4. "Hawthorne (John) - Plenitude, Convention, and Ontology"
      5. "Heller (Mark) - Conventional Objects", Date: 1990
      6. "Lewis (David) - Convention", Date: 2002
      7. "Miller (Kristie) - 'Personal identity' minus the persons", Date: 2013
      8. "Putnam (Hilary) - Convention: a Theme in Philosophy", Date: 1996
      9. "Sidelle (Alan) - How to be a Modern-Day Conventionalist", Date: 1989
      10. "Sidelle (Alan) - Is it Possible to be a Modern-Day Conventionalist? Or, Responding to Some Technical Worries", Date: 1989
      11. "Sidelle (Alan) - Realism and Conventionalism", Date: 1989
      12. "Sidelle (Alan) - The Case for Conventionalism and the Problem with Real Necessity", Date: 1989
      13. "Taliaferro (Charles) - Pollock's Body-Switching", Date: 1986
    2. Concepts197
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Everyday Concepts as a Guide to Reality", Date: 2006
      2. "Carruthers (Peter) - Invertebrate concepts confront the Generality Constraint (and win)", Date: 2009
      3. "Margolis (Eric) & Laurence (Stephen), Eds. - Concepts - Core Readings", Date: 2000
      4. "Stephan (Achim) - Are Animals Capable of Concepts?", Date: 1999
      5. "Wiggins (David) - The Concept of the Subject Contains the Concept of the Predicate", Date: 2016
    3. Fiction198
      1. "Azzouni (Jody) - Criteria for What Exists", Date: 2004
      2. "Blackburn (Simon) - Fiction and Conviction"
      3. "Blackburn (Simon) - Quasi-Realism No Fictionalism"
      4. "Borges (Jorge Luis) - Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings", Date: 2000 Reprint
      5. "Brock (Stuart) - Fictionalism about Fictional Characters", Date: 2002
      6. "Brock (Stuart) - The Creationist Fiction: The Case against Creationism about Fictional Characters", Date: 2010, Note199
      7. "Brown (M.T.) - Multiple Personality and Personal Identity", Date: 2001
      8. "Brueckner (Anthony) - Humean Fictions", Date: 1988
      9. "Byrne (Alex) - Truth In Fiction: The Story Continued", Date: 1993
      10. "Cave (Terence) - Fictional Identities", Date: 1995
      11. "Crittenden (Charles) - Unreality - The Metaphysics of Fictional Objects", Date: 1991
      12. "Dorr (Cian) - What We Disagree about When We Disagree about Ontology", Date: 2003
      13. "Ferguson (Niall), Ed. - Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals", Date: 2011
      14. "Frigg (Roman) & Hartmann (Stephan) - Models in Science", Note: Section 2.2.
      15. "Hanley (Richard) - As Good As It Gets: Lewis on Truth in Fiction", Date: 2004
      16. "Jubien (Michael) - Is There Truth in Fiction?", Date: 1997
      17. "Kripke (Saul) - Vacuous Names and Fictional Entities", Date: 2011
      18. "Kroon (Fred) - Review of Towards Non-Being: the Logic and Metaphysics of Intentionality, by Graham Priest", Date: 2005
      19. "LePoidevin (Robin) - Is God a Fiction?", Date: 1996
      20. "Livingston (Paisley) & Sauchelli (Andrea) - Philosophical perspectives on fictional characters", Date: 2011
      21. "Mackie (J.L.) - Identity and Diversity", Note200
      22. "Nolan (Daniel) & O'Leary-Hawthorne (John) - Reflexive Fictionalisms", Date: 1996, Note201
      23. "Nozick (Robert) - Fiction", Date: 1981
      24. "Parsons (Terence) - A Meinongian Analysis of Fictional Objects", Date: 1975
      25. "Phillips (John F.) - Truth and Inference in Fiction", Date: 1999
      26. "Plantinga (Alvin) - Possible But Unactual Objects: On What There Isn't", Date: 1974
      27. "Priest (Graham) - Fiction", Date: 2005
      28. "Priest (Graham) - Sylvan's Box: a Short Story and Ten Morals", Date: 1997
      29. "Proudfoot (Diane) - Possible Worlds Semantics and Fiction", Date: 2006
      30. "Salmon (Nathan) - Mythical Objects", Date: 2005
      31. "Salmon (Nathan) - Nonexistence", Date: 2005
      32. "Shapiro (Stewart) - No They Don't", Date: 2000, Note: Fictionalism in mathematics.
      33. "Shieh (Sanford) - The Anti-Realist's Past", Date: 2008
      34. "Stear (Nils-Hennes) - Imaginative and Fictionality Failure: A Normative Approach", Date: 2015
      35. "Suddendorf (Thomas) - The Gap", Date: 2014
      36. "Sutherland (John) - Is Heathcliff a Murderer: Puzzles in 19th-Century Fiction", Date: 1996
      37. "Thomasson (Amie L.) - Fiction and Intentionality", Date: 1996
      38. "Thomasson (Amie L.) - Fiction, Modality and Dependent Abstracta", Date: 1996
      39. "Thomasson (Amie L.) - Fictional Entities", Date: 2009
      40. "Thomasson (Amie L.) - Ontological Minimalism", Date: 2001
      41. "Thomasson (Amie L.) - Speaking of Fictional Characters", Date: 2003
      42. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Creatures of Fiction", Date: 1994
      43. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Existence, Ontological Commitment and Fictional Entities", Date: 2003
      44. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Fiction and Metaphysics", Date: 1983
      45. "Velleman (David) - The Self as Narrator"
      46. "Walton (Kendall L.) - Fearing Fictions", Date: 1978
      47. "Williams (Bernard) - Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy", Date: 2002, Note: Chapter 2.
      48. "Yablo (Stephen) - Go Figure: A Path through Fictionalism", Date: 2001
    4. Semantics202
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Seeming to See Red", Date: 1990
      2. "Bermudez (Jose Luis) - Thinking Without Words: Preface", Date: 2008
      3. "Fodor (Jerry) - The Elm and the Expert - Mentalese and its Semantics", Date: 1995
      4. "Francescotti (Robert) - Statues and Their Constituents: Whether Consitution is Identity", Date: 2003
      5. "Koslicki (Kathrin) - The Semantics of Mass-Predicates", Date: 1999
      6. "Millikan (Ruth Garrett) - Biosemantics", Date: 1999
      7. "Papineau (David) - Teleosemantics and Indeterminacy"
      8. "Perry (John) - Semantics, Possible Worlds"
    1. Explanation203
      1. "Carruthers (Peter) - Knowledge By Best Explanation", Date: 1995
      2. "Earman (John), Ed. - Inference, Explanation and Other Philosophical Frustrations", Date: 1993
      3. "Kment (Boris) - Counterfactuals and Explanation", Date: 2006
      4. "Lipton (Peter) - Inference to the Best Explanation", Date: 2004
      5. "Nozick (Robert) - Philosophical Explanations", Date: 1981
      6. "Ruben (David-Hillel) - Explaining Explanation", Date: 1992
    2. Probability204
      1. "Adams (Ernest) - A Primer of Probability Logic", Date: 1998
      2. "Adams (Ernest) - The Logic of Conditionals: An Application of Probability to Deductive Logic", Date: 1975
      3. "Arntzenius (Frank) & Hall (Ned) - On What We Know About Chance", Date: 2003
      4. "Augustine (Keith) & Fishman (Yonatan I.) - The Dualist’s Dilemma: The High Cost of Reconciling Neuroscience with a Soul", Date: 2015, Note205
      5. "Ayer (A.J.) - Probability and Evidence", Date: 1973
      6. "Baron (Jonathan) - Uncertainty and Probability within Utilitarian Theory", Date: 2017
      7. "Bryman (Alan) & Cramer (Duncan) - Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 8 for Windows", Date: 1999
      8. "Cambridge, Todman (Theo) - Probability and its Applications", Date: 1974
      9. "Douven (Igor) & Williamson (Timothy) - Generalizing the Lottery Paradox", Date: 2006
      10. "Earman (John) - Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory", Date: 1992
      11. "Greene (Judith) & D'Oliveira (Manuela) - Learning to Use Statistical Tests in Psychology", Date: 1999
      12. "Hajek (Alan) - What Conditional Probability Could Not Be", Date: 2003
      13. "Hall (Ned) - Two Mistakes About Credence and Chance", Date: 2004
      14. "Hamilton (Lawrence) - Modern Data Analysis: A First Course in Applied Statistics", Date: 1990
      15. "Hawthorne (John) - Degree-of-Belief and Degree-of-Support: Why Bayesians Need Both Notions", Date: 2005
      16. "Hebblethwaite (B.L.) - Mellor's 'Bridge-Hand' Argument", Date: 1986
      17. "Hogg (Robert V.) & Craig (Allen T.) - Introduction to Mathematical Statistics", Date: 1997
      18. "Howson (Colin) & Urbach (Peter) - Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach", Date: 2006
      19. "Huber (Franz) & Schmidt-Petri (Christoph), Eds. - Degrees of Belief", Note206
      20. "Lewis (David) - A Subjectivist's Guide to Objective Chance"
      21. "Lewis (David) - Probabilities of Conditionals and Conditional Probabilities", Date: 1976
      22. "Lewis (David) - Probabilities of Conditionals and Conditional Probabilities II", Date: 1986
      23. "Marasoiu (Andrei) - Review of 'Degrees of Belief' (Huber (Franz) & Schmidt-Petri (Christoph), Eds)", Date: 2009
      24. "Maxwell (A.E.) - Analysing Qualitative Data", Date: 1971
      25. "Mellor (D.H.) - God and Probability", Date: 1969
      26. "Owen (David) - Hume Versus Price on Miracles and Prior Probabilities: Testimony and the Bayesian Calculation", Date: 1987
      27. "Papineau (David) - Probabilities and Causes", Date: 1985
      28. "Papineau (David) & Beebee (Helen) - Probability as a Guide to Life"
      29. "Ross (Sheldon) - A First Course in Probability", Date: 1998
      30. "Schlesinger (George N.) - Miracles and Probabilities", Date: 1987
      31. "Smith (Martin) - Intuitionistic Probability and the Bayesian Objection to Dogmatism", Date: 2017
      32. "Smith (Martin) - When Does Evidence Suffice for Conviction?", Date: 2017
      33. "Sobel (Jordan) - On the Evidence of Testimony for Miracles: A Bayesian Interpretation of David Hume's Analysis", Date: 1987
      34. "Spiegel (Murray) - Theory and Problems of Probability and Statistics (Schaum's Outline Series)", Date: 1975
      35. "Swinburne (Richard) - Bayes, God, and the Multiverse", Date: 2012
      36. "Swinburne (Richard) - The Intrinsic Probability of Theism"
      37. "Williamson (Timothy) - How Probable is an Infinite Sequence of Heads?", Date: 2007
      38. "Williamson (Timothy) - Probability and Danger", Date: 2009



Other Books / Papers
  1. This Section contains the residue of the original Reading List for this Chapter, where the items don’t feature above. I may add them to one of the relevant PID Notes after due consideration.
  2. Basic Metaphysics207
  3. Does Identity Matter?



In-Page Footnotes

Footnote 59: Footnote 66: Footnote 72: Footnote 74: Footnote 83: Footnote 84: Footnote 92: Footnote 93: Footnote 94: Footnote 95: Footnote 96: Footnote 100: Footnote 113: Footnotes 117, 118: Footnote 121: Footnote 124: Footnote 125: Footnote 126: Footnote 132: Footnote 133: Footnote 134: Footnote 135: Footnote 142: Footnote 145: Footnote 148: Footnote 153: Footnote 154: Footnote 155: Footnote 163: Footnote 166: Footnote 167: Footnote 169: Footnote 175: Footnote 177: Footnote 180: Footnote 184: Footnotes 185, 186: Footnote 188: Footnote 189: Footnote 193: Footnote 194: Footnote 199: Footnote 200: Footnote 201: Footnote 205: Footnote 206: Footnote 207: There’s an endless amount of stuff in this area, so I’ve (for now) chosen a couple of contrasting approaches.


Live Version of this Archived Note

Date Length Title
14/07/2026 03:46:05 161503 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)


Table of the 9 Earlier Versions of this Note

Date Length Title
22/03/2021 00:28:48 22002 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
07/02/2021 23:24:00 8904 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
18/04/2019 18:18:43 8878 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
24/04/2018 00:12:58 7971 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
05/04/2016 23:19:41 8235 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
04/04/2015 00:17:17 8137 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
06/11/2014 10:13:26 7955 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
02/10/2014 17:12:29 6862 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
22/07/2014 22:23:31 6060 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)


Table of the 7 Later Versions of this Note

Date Length Title
14/02/2026 00:41:46 161575 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
06/07/2023 00:43:12 154837 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
28/09/2022 10:24:58 154063 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
11/05/2022 18:59:02 153813 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
02/05/2022 23:44:10 135819 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
11/04/2022 00:01:26 76341 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)
01/10/2021 13:17:46 72686 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)



This version updated Reading List for this Topic Parent Topic
29/03/2021 19:23:31 None available Thesis - Chapter 00 (Preface)



Summary of Notes Links from this Page

Artifacts (3) Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity) (2) Causality (3) Change (3) Closest Continuer (3)
Concepts (3) Contingent Identity (3) Continuity (3) Convention (3) Criteria of Identity (3)
Existence (3) Explanation (3) Fiction (3) Indeterminate Identity (3) Individual (3)
Intermittent Objects (3) Kinds (3) Logic of Identity (5) Matter (3) Metamorphosis (3)
Metaphysics (3) Mind (3) Modality (3) Natural Kinds (3) Naturalism (3)
Numerical Identity (3) Occasional Identity (3) Only 'X' and 'Y' Principle (3) Ontology (3) Parfit (3)
Partial Identity (3) Phase Sortals (3) Physicalism (3) Probability (3) Process Metaphysics (3)
Properties (3) Relative Identity (3) Scattered Objects (3) Semantics (3) Similarity (3)
Sorites (3) Sortals (3) Status: Thesis Dashboard (2018: March) Substance (3) Temporary Intrinsics (3)
Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues) (3) Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time) (2) Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It) Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments) Thesis - Method & Form
Thisness (Haecceity) (3) Universals (3) Vague Identity (3) Vagueness (3) What Matters (3)
Works Read - Explanation        

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Summary of Note Links to this Page

Modality Parfit PID Note Usage, 2 PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2 Relative Identity
Status: Personal Identity (2021 - March), 2 Status: Priority Task List (2021 - March), 2 Status: Summary (2021 - March), 2 Status: Thesis Dashboard (2021: March), 2 Substance
Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?) Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2, 3 Vague Identity Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3  

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above (if any).




Text Colour Conventions

  1. Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2026




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