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Personal Identity

Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)

(Work In Progress: output at 10/10/2024 05:16:11)

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Chapter Contents

  1. Abstract1
  2. Methodology2
  3. Introduction3
  4. Note Hierarchy4
  5. Main Text5
  6. Concluding Remarks6
  7. Links to Books / Papers to be Addressed7
  8. Works Read8
  9. Further Reading9
  10. References & Reading List

Abstract

Research Methodology

Chapter Introduction12
  1. Baker’s account of Constitution13 is not the standard Mereological14 account, of some composite body being constituted by its parts, but is her own idea that requires – and receives – detailed explication.
  2. Despite this deviation, it is worth spending some time on standard Mereology, in particular mereological Essentialism15 (which challenges any idea of Persistence).
  3. Finally, there needs to be a discussion of Hylomorphism16, an Aristotelian idea that has some modern supporters, and which may or may not be similar to the Constitution View17 (CV).
  4. As a cornerstone of her Constitution View, Lynne Rudder Baker18 reifies a useful idea – that of a First-Person Perspective19. It is the FPP that individuates persons, according to Baker, so the FPP requires explanation as well. Baker retrofits its definition so that – according to her – it applies to non-defective Human Beings (and, no doubt, higher beings) but not to any non-human Animals.
  5. The big analogies for the CV are TEs involving Coincident Objects20, previously seen in discussions of Contingent Identity, though this isn’t the message the CV takes because it denies that Constitution is Identity.
  6. I’ve parked in this Chapter discussion of further standard problems of Coincident Objects, starting with the Statue and the Clay21, Dion and Theon22 (more recently repackaged as Tibbles the Cat23) and continuing on to classic conundrums such as The Problem of the Many24 and The Ship of Theseus25. They are here because of their connection to Mereology, with Constitution being introduced as an explanation, though they are relevant elsewhere as well.
  7. Baker has a commitment to Persons being Substances in their own right, rather than “Person” being an honorific title applied to substances that at other times might not deserve the honorific. She thinks that a Person comes into existence with the FPP, which make an Ontological difference. She asserts that many other views do not Take Persons Seriously. All this is covered in Chapter 3 (on Persons) but could as well be covered in this Chapter.
  8. One suspects that Religious26 commitments strongly influence the philosophy of many supporters of the CV, who tend to be Christian Materialists27 and who want a way for Christians to persist through Resurrection.


Note Hierarchy
  1. Constitution28
    1. Mereology29
    2. Hylomorphism31
  2. Constitution View32
    1. Lynne Rudder Baker33
    2. First-Person Perspective34
    3. Coincident Objects35
  3. Christian Materialism41
    1. Religion42


Main Text
  1. Constitution43
    1. At first sight, it might seem that a full understanding of constitution – by which I mean Material Constitution – is required to understand Lynne Rudder Baker44’s Constitution View45 of Personal Identity.
    2. However, the concept of Constitution in this view seems to differ from the normal mereological46 view of material constitution.
    3. As a way in to this subject, which is geared towards the topic of Personal Identity, I intend in the first instance to focus on two chapters from "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View", namely:-
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Very Idea of Constitution", and
      2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Coherence Of the Idea of Material Constitution".
    4. I will then look at two chapters from Baker’s book "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism" that deal, respectively, with these two aspects of Constitution, namely:-
      1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Constitution Revisited",
      2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Mereology and Constitution".
    5. I will, of course, have to consider other accounts. I had supposed that Baker’s view was idiosyncratic, though "Wasserman (Ryan) - The Constitution Question" considers it to be widely held.
    6. Wasserman outlines the traditional47 view as follows:-
      1. Adequacy conditions on any proposed answer to the Constitution Question.
        • First, constitution requires spatial coincidence — x constitutes y at t only if x and y have the same spatial location at t.
        • Second, constitution requires material coincidence — x constitutes y at t only if x and y have all the same parts.
      2. The formal properties of the constitution relation (are)
        • First, the constitution relation is transitive. So, consider a representative clay statue (Statue) and the lump of clay (Lump) from which it is made. If Lump is constituted by a certain aggregate of elementary particles and Statue is constituted by Lump, then Statue is also constituted by that particular aggregate of elementary particles.
        • Second, the constitution relation is irreflexive, for the defenders of the constitution view traditionally deny that objects like Lump and Statue constitute themselves.
        • Finally, the constitution relation is asymmetric; while Lump constitutes Statue, Statue does not constitute Lump.
      3. Constitution is not mere coincidence, for coincidence (the sharing of spatial location or parts) is both reflexive and symmetric.
      4. In summary, constitution requires material (as well as spatial) coincidence and that it is a transitive, irreflexive, asymmetric relation.
    7. Various papers by Eric Olson, of course, also consider the topic, which he considers would be fatal to animalism if it would be were it true. I should probably start with "Olson (Eric) - Composition and Coincidence".
    8. There may also be an overlap between Constitution and Supervenience48.
    9. The various cases of ‘coincidence’ – addressed later in this Chapter – highlight the question whether the constitution-relation is or is not the identity-relation. Is there anything left out in the description of a thing once we’ve said what it is made up of, and how these parts link together? Those – like Baker – who hold that one whole thing can be constituted by another whole thing deny identity. For instance – Baker says – a stature is something over and above its clay because it requires an external relation – to an art-world, or at least to people who care about statues – before it is a statue.
    1. Mereology49
      1. While Baker50’s understanding of constitution51 is distinct from a mereological one, it is necessary to understand mereology. I would include the following reasons relevant to my Thesis:-
        1. Lots of arguments relevant to multiple occupancy theses depend on mereological issues. See Dion and Theon52 and the like. These are collated under the topic of Coincidence53.
        2. Mereological Essentialism54 has an impact on the whole notion of persistence. If it is taken seriously, we may have to countenance Scattered Objects55 or no physical thing would persist for long on this view.
        3. The DAUP (Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts) impacts on whether such things as brains exist. I56 can’t be a brain57 if brains58 don’t exist.
        4. It impacts on issues of vague identity59 and Olson60’s Thinking Animal Argument61.
      2. As a general principle I will discuss here whether proper parts of things exist and – if so – how they make up the things of which they are parts. The note on Constitution62 – which overlaps with that on Coincidence63 – will focus on how one whole things can “constitute” another whole thing. All with a focus on Personal Identity, of course.
      • Essentialism64
        1. The topics of relevance to my Thesis to cover under this head will include:-
          1. Mereological65 essentialism; the doctrine that wholes have all their parts essentially – that is, that a whole ceases to exist at the moment it loses or gains a particle, however small; mutatis mutandis for abstract objects.
          2. A second topic will be essential properties66; those whose loss cause their owner to cease to exist.
        2. Mereological67 essentialism
          1. Whether we have any essential parts depends on what we are68.
          2. If we are fundamentally psychological beings, then it’s unclear whether we have proper parts – particularly if we are souls69; at least Descartes thought we didn’t, given that the mind is not extended. However, we would not survive the loss of our psychology70, but – and this is a problem for any psychological view71 – it is vague72 just how much psychology is enough to ensure our survival73.
          3. If we are organisms74, then we can lose – indeed do lose – all our parts over time, and provided change75 is gradual, and enough of them are replaced, we persist76. There is an argument within the animalist77 camp whether our brains are “just another organ” or whether their regulatory function means they are essential to our survival78.
          4. If we are brains79 – or proper parts thereof – then our brains would seem to be essential parts, though there might be some quibbling about whether they might be chiselled down a bit.
          5. "Chisholm (Roderick) - Which Physical Thing Am I? An Excerpt from 'Is There a Mind-Body Problem?'" – seemed to think we are mereological atoms, though the identity of the atom is obscure. If there is such a thing, it would be our only essential part.
        3. Property80 essentialism
          1. If “being a person” is a property that we have, and we are human animals81, then – animalism82 claims – we would survive even when we no longer qualify as persons83 (and also existed84 before we became persons).
          2. Most philosophers who aren’t animalists85 say that we are essentially persons86, so can’t survive if we are no longer persons, or even if our personality87 has changed too radically. Some of our mind88’s properties may be essential.
          3. I’m not sure whether Lynne Rudder Baker treats the First Person Perspective89 as a property of the person, or the person itself. But, if it is a property, it will be an essential one.
    2. Hylomorphism90
      1. This Aristotelian idea is very peripheral to my concerns, though it appears somewhat similar to – or a rival to – the Constitution View91, as is discussed in "Quitterer (Josef) - Hylomorphism and the Constitution View".
      2. "Keles (Serap) - Personal identity and persistence over time : the hybrid view with regard to hylomorphism" looks important in attempting to bring together Animalism92 and the Constitution View93 as a Hybrid Theory94 in the context of Hylomorphism.
      3. "Cohen (S. Mark) & Reeve (C.D.C.) - Aristotle’s Metaphysics" discusses the topic of Hylomorphism in Section 7 (Substance and Essence) and Section 8 (Substances as Hylomorphic Compounds).
      4. Wikipedia has a sound-looking article ("Wikipedia - Hylomorphism"), from which I’ve extracted a few quotations (pending my writing something of my own):-
        • Aristotle defines X's matter as "that out of which" X is made. For example, letters are the matter of syllables. Thus, "matter" is a relative term: an object counts as matter relative to something else. For example, clay is matter relative to a brick because a brick is made of clay, whereas bricks are matter relative to a brick house.
        • Change is analyzed as a material transformation: matter is what undergoes a change of form. For example, consider a lump of bronze that's shaped into a statue. Bronze is the matter, and this matter loses one form (that of a lump) and gains a new form (that of a statue).
        • Aristotle applies his theory of hylomorphism to living things. He defines a soul as that which makes a living thing alive. Life is a property of living things, just as knowledge and health are. Therefore, a soul is a form — that is, a property or set of properties — belonging to a living thing. Furthermore, Aristotle says that a soul is related to its body as form to matter.
        • Hence, Aristotle argues, there is no problem in explaining the unity of body and soul, just as there is no problem in explaining the unity of wax and its shape. Just as a wax object consists of wax with a certain shape, so a living organism consists of a body with the property of life, which is its soul. On the basis of his hylomorphic theory, Aristotle rejects the Pythagorean doctrine of reincarnation95, ridiculing the notion that just any soul could inhabit just any body.
        • It is unclear whether Aristotle identifies the soul with the body's structure. According to one interpretation of Aristotle, a properly organized body is already alive simply by virtue of its structure. However, according to another interpretation, the property of life — that is, the soul — is something in addition to the body's structure. Likewise, according to this second interpretation, a living body is alive not only because of its structure but also because of an additional property: the soul is this additional property, which a properly organized body needs in order to be alive. John Vella uses Frankenstein's monster to illustrate the second interpretation: the corpse lying on Frankenstein's table is already a fully organized human body, but it is not yet alive; when Frankenstein activates his machine, the corpse gains a new property, the property of life, which Aristotle would call the soul.
  2. Constitution View96
    1. The Constitution View is that human persons97 are constituted98 by their bodies99 but are not identical to them, though a lot more needs to be said here.
    2. The primary source of this View is (or was) Lynne Rudder Baker100, starting with "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View".
    3. Baker’s account of constitution is not the standard mereological101 account, of some larger body being constituted by its parts, but is her own idea that requires explication. She appears to have a non-mereological view of constitution which is hard to unravel, involving the relation of one complete thing to another (or to a context).
    4. I also need to discuss her concern for primary kinds102, and the concept of “having of properties103 derivatively”.
    5. It’s unclear to me whether the brain104 has a special place for Baker; as far as I remember, she uniformly refers to “bodies105”.
    6. Baker also has a commitment to Persons106 being substances107 in their own right, rather than personhood being an honorific title applied to substances that at other times might not deserve the honorific.
    7. She also reifies a useful idea – that of a First-person Perspective108. It is the FPP that individuates persons, according to Baker, so the FPP requires explanation as well.
    1. Lynne Rudder Baker109
      1. Lynne Rudder Baker was110 notable for defending her version of the Constitution View111 of Personal Identity, which is important in its own right, but also in opposition to Eric Olson112’s Animalism113.
      2. Baker is a “Christian Materialist114 in that she denies that we are (or have) immaterial souls (see "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Christians Should Reject Mind-Body Dualism").
      3. However, she is against physicalism115 in the philosophy of mind – see "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Saving Belief: A Critique of Physicalism".
      4. Her view on Personal Identity is, to quote "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Materialism with a Human Face", that “Persons are constituted by bodies with which they are not identical. The metaphysical difference between persons and their bodies is that persons have first-person perspectives116 essentially. ”
      5. Her concept of a First-Person Perspective117 strikes me as important and correct. However, she thinks of personhood118 not merely as a property of certain beings, but as making some sort of ontological119 difference.
      6. Because a person is constituted by – but not identical to – the being that constitutes it, she claims that a particular person is portable from one of these beings to another. I don’t think she would allow a person to exist disembodied, as though the Cheshire Cat’s smile could exist in the absence of the cat, but I still think she is reifying a property120.
      7. From my perspective, her most important work is "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View", but also see "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Precis of 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View'" in "Baker (Lynne Rudder), Etc. - E-Symposium on 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View'".
      8. However, "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Big-Tent Metaphysics", part of "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'", and analysed here121, is as good a place as any to start.
      9. That said, her more recent book – "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism" – may give a more technical account of some of her ideas.
    2. First-Person Perspective122
      1. The concept of a “First-Person Perspective” (FPP) is central to the Constitution View123 of personal identity, which I reject. However, the concept of a FPP is important in its own right, and explains the attraction of Psychological Views124 of personal identity. It also motivates Hybrid125 Accounts.
      2. Just what the FPP is needs spelling out – what does Lynne Rudder Baker126 think it is, and why does she think it so ontologically127 important? She seems to be obsessed by the thought that beings that can contemplate their own deaths128 are ontologically different from those that are presumed not to be able to do so. Why is it that it is this, rather than simply a phenomenally conscious129 perspective, that counts as the ontological watershed? I suppose either both or neither might count ontologically. Also, both might have enormous significance, yet not imply that an ontologically distinct entity had come on the scene. Note that – for Baker – it’s the moment the FPP (or maybe the as-yet-unrealised capacity for an FPP) comes on the scene that marks the ontological change, not the emergence of the constituting130 individual131.
      3. We might instead posit another property132 – that of consciousness of Self133 – as the critical moment in the ontological ladder leading to persons134. I suspect some philosophers of rigging the qualifications for personhood135 so that only human beings136 – and maybe some others even more exalted (like God and angels) – qualify. Non-human animals137 must be excluded to ensure the uniqueness and specialness of humans.
      4. Also, can we really use this term to explain138 personal identity, as “person139” appears in it? If it’s supposed to be elucidatory of personal identity, we seem to have a circle.
      5. Really what’s important – it seems to me – is that we have animals with certain properties that are important to them. We can’t reify the property and make it a stand-alone thing, like the Cheshire Cat’s smile. Nor can we assume without a lot of careful argument that this property can hop from one infrastructure to another – as in uploading140 or resurrection141.
      6. An argument I’m fond of is that – despite whatever psychological142 differences there may be between me and my future self143 – I can both rationally anticipate his experiences and should display rational concern for his well-being. That is because we share the same “window on the world” (which is just the FPP without the tendentious terminology). I just need to try out the future great pain test144 on the individual resulting from some adventure and see if I'm worried!
      7. Now is this “window on the world” the same as a FPP? After all, it may be that my senile old self145 no longer qualifies as a person146, though is phenomenally conscious147, and I should be concerned for him whatever his ontological status; only the absence of phenomenal consciousness148 would remove all that matters149.
      8. In summary, I think the FPP is a useful concept, and represents our window on the world, and what matters150 to us in survival151. But it is a property of a human animal152, and that animal’s persistence153 doesn’t rest upon it.
    3. Coincident Objects154
      1. Coincident objects are those – presumed to be distinct – that (appear to) occupy the same space – or substantially the same space – at the same time.
      2. There are a number of classic puzzles that have worried about such things, and which appear below.
      3. Additionally, the alleged problems with coincident objects feature in Olson155’s Master Argument (Thinking Animal Argument156) in favour of Animalism157 and contra the Constitution View158.
      4. The classic consideration of the topic is "Wiggins (David) - On Being in the Same Place at the Same Time".
      5. "Gallois (Andre) - The Puzzle Cases" draws together some of these and more, though in the cause of a deviant logic of identity159.
      • The Statue and the Clay160
        1. This topic arises in the theory of material constitution161 when we are considering whole objects (rather than their parts) that appear to be co-located because they are (or seem to be) of different kinds162, or (seem to) have different persistence conditions163.
        2. This issue was exploited by "Gibbard (Allan) - Contingent Identity" in the cause of supposed contingent identity164.
        3. Supporters of the Constitution View165 of Personal Identity (are sometimes said to) hold that persons166 are constituted by their bodies167 much as statues are constituted by lumps of clay.
        4. Some – eg. Trenton Merricks – get rid of this whole problem by adopting eliminativism168 – there are no such things as statues, only clay arranged statue-wise. See "Merricks (Trenton) - No Statues".
      • Dion and Theon169
        1. ‘Dion and Theon’ is an ancient conundrum that has been revived by Peter Geach, Michael Burke and others – in the form of “Tib and Tibbles170” – and is put to a variety of uses.
        2. It is so closely associated with one version of Tibles the Cat171 that I’ll describe them together, though a variant form of Tibbles the Cat will be discussed under its own Note.
          1. The conceit is that there is a whole man (Dion; or cat, Tibbles) and a partially overlapping thing (Theon or Tib) that is identical to Dion (or Tibbles) apart from its right foot (or tail). It is, of course, moot whether this “thing” is a man (or cat) – or even whether it exists at all.
          2. Subsequently Dion (or Tibbles) suffers the misfortune of losing the relevant member.
          3. Post-ectomy, it appears that Dion is identical to Theon (and Tibbles to Tib).
          4. What are we to make of this apparent contradiction, as it would seem that beforehand the respective pairs were non-identical?
        3. The solutions to this puzzle, taken from "Burke (Michael) - Dion and Theon: An Essentialist Solution to an Ancient Puzzle", include:-
          1. Restrict the principle that different objects cannot occupy the same place at the same time. Some philosophers, following Locke172 and David Wiggins173, modify the principle so that it applies only to objects of the same sort.
          2. Embrace mereological essentialism174, the doctrine that each of the parts of an object is essential to its identity. Popular in antiquity, but not supported these days.
          3. Deny that the concept175 of a torso is a proper one, or deny that there ever was such a thing as Theon.
          4. Invoke the doctrine of temporal parts.
          5. Relativizing identity176, whether to time or to sort177. George Myro and Peter Geach both would say that the amputation has left just one (man-sized) object, an object that is both a man and a torso. Is that object Dion? Or is it Theon? Myro's answer would be "both."
          6. Michael Burke’s solution: Post amputation there is just one object; it is (predicatively) both a man and a torso; this one object is Dion, who once was two-footed and now is one-footed; Theon has ceased to exist.
      • Tibbles the Cat178
        1. There appear to be two puzzles involving Tib and Tibbles, both due to Peter Geach.
          1. Tibbles and Tib – his tail-less concommitant – feature firstly as a variant of Dion and Theon179.
          2. There’s also a variant of the Problem of the Many180, in which Tibbles loses 1,000 hairs one by one.
        2. I’m not sure there’s much that will need to be added here that’s not to be covered in one or other of those two Notes.
        3. I note in passing that "Parsons (Josh) - Dion, Theon, and DAUP" refers to "Van Inwagen (Peter) - The Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts" and the problem of Descartes’ Foot, another variant on this theme.
      • The Problem of the Many181
        1. This problem is to do with objects – whether clouds or human beings – that have vague boundaries. What is wrong with saying that instead of just one object there are many overlapping ones; or, if we hate this idea, what’s the solution so that we only have one (as we first thought)?
        2. Clearly, this topic overlaps considerably with that on Vagueness182, but is a particular symptom thereof.
        3. There are also connections to:-
          1. Dion and Theon183, and
          2. Tib and Tibbles184
        4. Whereas these are rather “The Problem of the Few”, some of the same issues arise. However, it’s easier to come to a principled decision as to which is the “real” person (or cat) in these cases.
        5. The problem doesn’t just arise with living185 things, so can’t be solved (I don’t think) by moving from a substance186 to a process187 metaphysics, though it’s worth investigation.
      • The Ship of Theseus188
        1. Versions:-
          • The original version, recounted by Plutarch, just considers whether an artifact (specifically a ship) can continue the same thing if its parts are gradually replaced until all the original parts have been replaced.
          • Hobbes added the further paradox of collecting up the replaced parts and assembling them into a rival claimant to be the original ship.
          • There are various “minimalist” cases in popular culture whereby half of an artifact is replaced, followed by the other half, and maybe the process is then repeated.
            1. The traditional example is “grandfather’s axe” (the blade and the handle being successively replaced).
            2. A more recent one is “Trigger’s Broom”, from Only Fools and Horses, where the broom handle and head are successively replaced.
        2. I’m greatly attracted to David Lewis189’s solution190 to the Hobbesian version of the Ship of Theseus thought experiment191, but need to consider alternative solutions that don’t depend on Perdurantism192, and whether this case is really relevant to personal identity.
          • Is there anything special about artifacts193 that makes identification arbitrary or a matter of convention194, while the continued identity of a person195 (from the first-person perspective196, whatever society197 – which only has a third-person perspective – may say) is not arbitrary?
          • Organisms198 – it is said – do replace all their parts in the course of their lives, yet we are sure that the organism persists. Also, the matter that is lost and replaced are not “parts” in the way that planks of a ship are parts. It’s only in transplant199 surgery when parts properly so-called are replaced.
          • However, is there a fact of the matter whether the repaired ship or the reconstructed ship is the “true” ship?
          • The minimalist case is interesting because it presses our intuitions. Personally, I don’t think half or any large part of an artifact200 can be replaced while the thing remains the same, but this may just be a prejudice. Habituation comes into consideration – just as assimilation of new matter is important to organisms201. If we become habituated to some major change in a building, say, then we may agree that it has persisted202. Then we may become habituated – over generations – to the replacement of the other half. Then – if persistence is identity-preserving – we must be prepared to say – given the logic of identity203 – that the original building is identical to the current one, even if it looks nothing like it.
          • I have had such a conundrum with my house, where it was decided to rebuild the front and most of the rear walls, and the “Trigger’s Broom” variant of the Ship of Theseus paradox was mentioned by a mortgage adviser.
          • As discussed in the Note on artifacts204, Eastern traditions are much less fussy about material continuity in the persistence of buildings. See "Han (Byung-Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese".
        3. Returning to the specific case of the Ship, and generally where individuals205 lose parts206, we need to consider what the status of the lost part is:-
          • When a bicycle is disassembled with the intention of reassembling it again later, its parts are not released but merely dispersed and it becomes a scattered object207.
          • However, when an object loses a part in the normal case of wear and tear, that part – unless the artifact can be mended by having the part re-attached – is not dispersed but is returned to the environment for use elsewhere and is no longer associated with the object of which it once formed a part.
          • The same can be said where parts – in particular, planks – are removed and replaced. The ship (in this case) no longer has a lien over them.
          • If this account is correct, it solves Hobbes’s problem of the Ship of Theseus without the need for perdurantism208, though this theory of persistence209 may still be useful for other puzzles of fission210.
  3. Christian Materialism211
    1. The form of materialism212 I have in mind is that we human beings consist wholly of matter213, without the need to posit a soul214 to ensure our post-mortem survival215 and, in particular, our posited resurrection216.
    2. I will also discuss those Christian philosophers who are dualists or hold other non-materialist accounts of human identity, and who resist Christian Materialism217.
    3. Obviously, no Christian with any claim to orthodoxy believes that all persons218 are essentially219 embodied – as God is, and presumably angels are, taken to be persons and immaterial.
    4. I also suppose that Christians may differ as to what they think of as the intermediate state between death220 and resurrection221 (ignoring those that think that the future state is incorporeal222).
    5. They may also differ as to whether they think matter requires animating223 by the breath of the Spirit in a literal sense.
    6. List of Christian Materialists:
      1. Lynne Rudder Baker
      2. Kevin Corcoran
      3. Hud Hudson
      4. David Hershenov
      5. Trenton Merricks
      6. Nancey Murphy
      7. Peter Van Inwagen
    7. Remarks on other selected contemporary Christian Philosophers
    1. Religion225
      1. This Note has to do with the – historical and contemporary – ways in which religious questions and commitments have influenced philosophers in their discussions of Personal Identity.
      2. I disagree fundamentally with philosophers such as Alvin Plantinga that belief in God is “epistemologically basic”, but claim that philosophy asks questions that are prior to any others except, possibly, metaphilosophical questions, which are also philosophical, so part of philosophy itself.
      3. Recently (end December 2021) I’ve been reminded of – and briefly investigated – Michael Sudduth, who wrote on this topic (in "Sudduth (Michael) - Reformed Epistemology and Christian Apologetics"), but has since moved away from Calvinism and the Christian faith generally. I intend to look into his reasons, and determine what he thinks of his earlier writings.
      4. But – it seems to me – Christians allow their prior beliefs to constrain what results of their philosophical endeavours are acceptable. Worse; having decided on pre-philosophical grounds what to believe, they use the techniques of philosophical argument to bolster these beliefs. They don’t follow an argument where it goes, but argue in a casuistical basis.
      5. Also, despite there being little agreement on Christian doctrine amongst the various denominations and sects, philosophers seem to find the arguments they’ve dreamt up for their own sectarian beliefs the most convincing.
      6. This applies to “damnable doctrines” such as Hell, which seems to be discussed academically and unselfconsciously on the pages of Faith and Thought, just as much as to comfortable ones like Heaven.
      7. There has been some concern amongst Christian Materialist226 Philosophers as to whether heaven is a “place we can get to”. I’m not aware of the same concern for Hell, nor of just what metaphysics of the human person227 is needed to allow eternal conscious torment.
      8. Locke228’s thoughts on personal identity were initially motivated by worries about the metaphysics of Resurrection229 – seen as necessary in order to right the wrongs inflicted on the righteous in this life – as well as theodicy and other forensic230 concerns.
      9. I’ve not given much time to considering the philosophy motivated by religious beliefs antithetical to Christianity, other than to Hindu and Buddhist231 thought on the topic of Reincarnation232 and Karma.


Concluding Remarks
  1. Having now discussed both Animalism and the Constitution View, we can now in our next Chapter233 turn to the arguments against these views, starting with those against Animalism.
  2. This is work in progress234.


Links to Books / Papers to be Addressed235
  1. This section attempts to derive the readings lists automatically from those of the underlying Notes, but removing duplicated references. The list is divided into:-
  2. I’ve not been overly careful to segregate the reading-list of this Chapter from that of Chapter 9238. I will address the segregation in due course. There will, in any case, be some overlap.
  3. While Baker’s understanding of constitution is distinct from a mereological one, it is necessary to understand mereology.
  4. I’m not sure whether the section on co-location belongs here, but it must go somewhere!
  5. Many aspects of these papers will need to be either ignored or reserved for other chapters.


Works on this topic that I’ve actually read239, include the following:-
  1. Constitution
    1. Constitution240
    2. Mereology244
    3. Hylomorphism247
  2. Constitution View
    1. Constitution View249
    2. First-Person Perspective266
    3. Lynne Rudder Baker270
    4. Coincident Objects286
  3. Christian Materialism306
  4. Christian Materialism312
  5. Christian Materialism315
    1. Religion319

A further reading list might start with:-
  1. Constitution
    1. Constitution322
    2. Mereology324
    3. Hylomorphism326
  2. Constitution View
    1. Constitution View327
    2. First-Person Perspective328
    3. Lynne Rudder Baker329
    4. Coincident Objects330
  3. Christian Materialism344
  4. Christian Materialism348
  5. Christian Materialism352
    1. Religion353


In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 12: Footnote 47:
  1. This makes it sound as though the CV goes back centuries!
  2. Wasserman uses the term “traditionally” when he probably just means “usually” or “standardly”.
Footnote 110:
  1. Sadly, she died on 24th December 2017.
  2. I’ve retained the “historic present” in the rest of this discussion.
Footnote 235: Footnote 253: Footnotes 259, 279, 309, 318: Footnotes 261, 281: Footnote 269: Footnote 288: Footnote 290: Footnote 321: Footnote 323: Footnote 331: Footnotes 332, 335, 338: Footnote 334: Footnote 339: Footnote 341: Footnote 343: Footnotes 345, 349: Footnotes 346, 350: Footnote 354: Footnote 355:

Table of the Previous 12 Versions of this Note: (of 14)

Date Length Title
06/07/2023 00:43:12 89657 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
28/09/2022 10:24:58 80004 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
10/05/2022 17:45:36 79806 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
11/04/2022 00:01:26 39486 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
01/10/2021 13:17:46 37992 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
29/03/2021 19:23:31 21446 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
22/03/2021 00:28:48 12804 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
08/02/2021 13:39:22 5585 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
18/04/2019 18:18:43 5567 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
05/04/2016 23:19:41 5301 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
04/04/2015 00:17:17 5249 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
06/11/2014 10:13:26 5181 Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)


Note last updated Reading List for this Topic Parent Topic
10/10/2024 05:16:18 None available Thesis - Preface

Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalism Animalists Animals Animation Artifacts
Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity) Baker Baker - In Favour Of the Constitution View Baker - Materialism with a Human Face Baker - Personal Identity Over Time
Baker - Persons and Bodies - Precis Baker - Persons and Bodies - Response to Garrett Baker - Persons and Bodies - Response to Noonan Baker - Persons and Bodies - Response to Olson Baker - Persons in the Material World
Baker - Review - Olson - What Are We? Baker - The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons Baker - The Coherence Of the Idea of Material Constitution Baker - The Constitution View of Human Persons Baker - The First-Person Perspective
Baker - The Human Animal: Big-Tent Metaphysics Baker - The Very Idea of Constitution Baker - What Am I? Body Brain
Brain Criterion Brandom - Toward a Normative Pragmatics (Introduction) Buddhism Carter – Artifacts of Theseus Change
Chisholm - Which Physical Thing Am I? Christian Materialism Coincidence Concepts Consciousness
Constitution Constitution View Constitution View - Objections Contingent Identity Convention
Death DeGrazia - Are We Essentially Persons? Dion and Theon Disembodied Existence Essentialism
Existence Explanation Fine - A Counter-Example to Locke's Thesis Fine - The Non-Identity of a Material Thing and Its Matter First-Person Perspective
Fission Forensic Property Future Great Pain Test Garrett - Persons and Bodies - Response Gay Marriage
Gibbard - Contingent Identity Human Animals Human Beings Human Persons Hybrid Theories
Hylomorphism Individual Jen_080317 (Baker) Johnston - Human Beings Kinds
Lewis Life Locke Logic of Identity Lowe - Locke on Identity
Matter Mereology Mind Narrative Identity Nihilism
Noonan - Persons and Bodies - Response Olson Olson - Immanent Causation and Life After Death Olson - Persons and Bodies - Response Olson - The Human Animal: Reply to Baker
Olson - What Are We? Constitution Olson - What Are We? Souls Olson - What Are We? Temporal Parts Olson - What Are We? What Now? Ontology
Organisms Perdurantism Persistence Persistence Criteria Person
Personality Physicalism Problem of the Many Process Metaphysics Properties
Psychological View Psychology Reincarnation Relative Identity Religion
Resurrection Scattered Objects Self Ship of Theseus Society
Sortals Souls Statue and the Clay Status: Thesis Dashboard (2024: October) Substance
Supervenience Survival Swinburne - Personal Identity: The Dualist Theory Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It) Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)
Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View) Thesis - Method & Form Thinking Animal Argument Thought Experiments Tibbles the Cat
Transplants Uploading Vague Identity Vagueness What are We?
What Matters Wiggins Works Read - Explanation Zimmerman - The Human Animal: Objections  

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Christian Materialism Mereology Origins PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2 Status: Thesis Dashboard (2024: October), 2
Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?), 2 Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues) Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It) Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View), 2 Thesis - Preface
Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18        

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author Title Medium Extra Links Read?
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?) Paper Medium Quality Abstract 2 Yes
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues) Paper Medium Quality Abstract   Yes
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It) Paper Medium Quality Abstract   Yes
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View) Paper Medium Quality Abstract 2 Yes
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Christian Materialism Paper Medium Quality Abstract   Yes
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Mereology Paper Medium Quality Abstract   Yes
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Origins Paper Medium Quality Abstract   Yes
Todman (Theo) Thesis - Preface Paper Medium Quality Abstract   Yes


References & Reading List

Author Title Medium Source Read?
Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe) Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe) - Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.) The First Person Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Rosenthal - The Nature of Mind Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.) Were You a Zygote? Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds. Human Life, Action and Ethics Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Bibliographical details to be supplied 10%
Arntzenius (Frank) & Hawthorne (John) Gunk And Continuous Variation Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Monist, Oct2005, Vol. 88 Issue 4, p441-465, 25p No
Atkinson (Thomas) Human organisms and the survival of death: a systematic evaluation of the possibility of life after death given animalism Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract PhD thesis, University of Liverpool Website, August 2017 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Big-Tent Metaphysics Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil) Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Brief Reply to Rosenkrantz's Comments on my 'The Ontological Status of Persons' Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 65, September 2002, pp. 394-395 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Christians Should Reject Mind-Body Dualism Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Peterson (Michael) & Van Arragon (Raymond) - Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Religion, 2004 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Constitution Revisited Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne) - The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism, Chapter 8 No
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Embryos and Stem­Cell Research Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract UMass Magazine, Spring 2006 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Functionalism Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Robert Audi, editor, Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. CUP, New York, 1995 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) In Favour Of the Constitution View Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 9, pp. 213-229 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Material Persons and the Doctrine of Resurrection Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Faith and Philosophy 18 (2001): 151-167 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Materialism with a Human Face Paper - Cited Corcoran - Soul, Body and Survival, Chapter 10 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Mereology and Constitution Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne) - The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism, Chapter 9 7%
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective 19%
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective: What Is The Problem? Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective, Introduction Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Personal Identity Over Time Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 5, pp. 118-146 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Persons in the Material World Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 1, pp. 3-88 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Precis of 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View' Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Reply to Garrett Paper - Cited Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Reply to Noonan Paper - Cited Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Reply to Olson Paper - Cited Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Reply to Zimmerman’s 'Christians Should Affirm Mind-Body Dualism' Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Peterson (Michael) & Van Arragon (Raymond) - Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Religion, 2004 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Review of 'Anti-Individualism and Knowledge' by Jessica Brown Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Times Literary Supplement, 5336:26, 2005 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Review of 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?' by Nancey Murphy Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2006.08.03 (August 2006) Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Review of 'Consciousness Explained' by Daniel C. Dennett Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract The Review of Metaphysics, pp. 398–99 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Review of 'The Body in Mind' by Mark Rowlands Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Mind, 109 (2000): 434-7 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson Paper - Cited Mind, 117:1120-1122, 2008 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Saving Belief: A Critique of Physicalism Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Saving Belief: A Critique of Physicalism 0%
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 8, pp. 191-212 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The Coherence Of the Idea of Material Constitution Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 7, pp. 167-190 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The Constitution View of Human Persons Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 4, 91-117 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The Difference that Self-Consciousness Makes Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Petrus - On Human Persons, 2003 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The First-Person Perspective Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 3, pp. 59-88 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism 2%
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The Ontological Status of Persons Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 65, September 2002, pp. 370-388 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) The Very Idea of Constitution Paper - Cited Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 2, pp. 27-58 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Unity without Identity: A New Look at Material Constitution Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Midwest Studies In Philosophy, 1999, Vol. XXIII Issue 1, p144, 22p Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) What Am I? Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Mar99, Vol. 59 Issue 1, p151, 9p; Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) When Do Persons Begin and End? Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder) Why Constitution is Not Identity Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Journal of Philosophy 94, No. 12 (Dec., 1997), 599-621 Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder), Etc. E-Symposium on 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View' Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Baker (Lynne Rudder), Etc. - E-Symposium on 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View' Yes
Blatti (Stephan) Animalism and its Implications Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract OU Website (now deleted) Yes
Blatti (Stephan) Animalism Unburdened Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract OU Website (now deleted) Yes
Block (Ned), Flanagan (Owen) & Guzeldere (Guven) The Nature of Consciousness Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Medium Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied 48%
Bottani (Andrea C.), Carrara (Massimiliano) & Giaretta (Pierdaniele), Eds. Individuals, Essence And Identity: Themes of Analytic Metaphysics Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Bottani (Andrea C.), Carrara (Massimiliano) & Giaretta (Pierdaniele), Eds. - Individuals, Essence And Identity: Themes of Analytic Metaphysics 1%
Brinck (Ingar) The Indexical 'I': The First Person in Thought and Language Book - Cited Brinck (Ingar) - The Indexical 'I': The First Person in Thought and Language No
Brody (Baruch) Identity and Essence Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Brody (Baruch) - Identity and Essence No
Brown (Warren), Murphy (Nancey) & Malony (H. Newton), Eds. Whatever Happened to the Soul: Scientific and Theological Portraits of Human Nature Book - Cited High Quality Abstract Brown (Warren), Murphy (Nancey) & Malony (H. Newton), Eds. - Whatever Happened to the Soul: Scientific and Theological Portraits of Human Nature 4%
Burke (Michael) Copper Statues and Pieces of Copper: A Challenge to the Standard Account Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Analysis 52, 1992, pp. 12-17 Yes
Burke (Michael) Dion and Theon: An Essentialist Solution to an Ancient Puzzle Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Journal of Philosophy 91, No. 3 (March 1994), 129-139 Yes
Bynum (Caroline) Metamorphosis and Identity Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Bynum (Caroline) - Metamorphosis and Identity 0%
Cabrera (Miguel A. Badia) Hume's Reflection On Religion Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Cabrera (Miguel A. Badia) - Hume's Reflection On Religion 1%
Carter (William) Dion's Left Foot (and the Price of Burkean Economy) Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 75, No. 2 (Jun. 1997), 371-379 Yes
Carter (William) In Defense of Undetached Parts Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64, 1983, 126-143 Yes
Carter (William) 'Partist' Resistance to the Many: Review of 'A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person' by Hud Hudson Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 68, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 713-723 Yes
Cartwright (Richard) Scattered Objects Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Lehrer - Analysis and Metaphysics, 1975 Yes
Cassam (Quassim) Reductionism and First-Person Thinking Paper - Cited Reduction, Explanation, and Realism , ed. David Charles and Kathleen Lennon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. 362-380. Yes
Caws (Peter) On Being in the Same Place at the Same Time Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan., 1965), pp. 63-66 Yes
Chandler (Hugh S.) Theseus' Clothes-Pin Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Analysis, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Mar., 1984), pp. 55-58 Yes
Chisholm (Roderick) The First Person: Essay on Reference and Intentionality Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Chisholm (Roderick) - The First Person: Essay on Reference and Intentionality 2%
Chisholm (Roderick) Which Physical Thing Am I? An Excerpt from 'Is There a Mind-Body Problem?' Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Van Inwagen & Zimmerman - Metaphysics: The Big Questions, 1998 Yes
Cohen (S. Mark) & Reeve (C.D.C.) Aristotle’s Metaphysics Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2000-2020 6%
Cooper (John) Body, Soul and Life Everlasting: Biblical Anthropology and the Monism-dualism Debate Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Cooper (John) - Body, Soul and Life Everlasting: Biblical Anthropology and the Monism-dualism Debate 23%
Corcoran (Kevin) Biology or Psychology? Human Persons and Personal Identity Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Petrus - On Human Persons, 2003 Yes
Corcoran (Kevin) Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Corcoran (Kevin) - Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul 13%
Corcoran (Kevin) Rethinking Human Nature: Introduction - What Kind of Things Are We? Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Corcoran (Kevin) - Rethinking Human Nature, Introduction Yes
Corcoran (Kevin), Ed. Soul, Body and Survival: Essays on the Metaphysics of Human Persons Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Corcoran (Kevin), Ed. - Soul, Body and Survival: Essays on the Metaphysics of Human Persons 99%
Cottingham (John) The Spiritual Dimension: Religion, Philosophy and Human Value Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Cottingham (John) - The Spiritual Dimension: Religion, Philosophy and Human Value 7%
Craig (William Lane) God, Time, and Eternity Book - Cited High Quality Abstract Craig (William Lane) - God, Time, and Eternity 2%
Craig (William Lane) & Sinnott-Armstrong (Walter) God?: A Debate between a Christian and an Atheist Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Craig (William Lane) & Sinnott-Armstrong (Walter) - God?: A Debate between a Christian and an Atheist 5%
Craig (William Lane) & Smith (Quentin) Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Craig (William Lane) & Smith (Quentin) - Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology 0%
Davies (Brian) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Davies (Brian) - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion 2%
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DeGrazia (David) Are we essentially persons? Olson, Baker, and a reply Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Philosophical Forum; Winter2002, Vol. 33 Issue 1, p101, 20p Yes
Dennett (Daniel) Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Low Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied 43%
Dennett (Daniel) Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Dennett (Daniel) - Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon 1%
Dennett (Daniel) Where Am I? Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Dennett - Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology, Chapter 17, 1978 Yes
Di Muzio (Gianluca) Reincarnation and infinite punishment in hell Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, August 2013, Vol. 74, No. 2 (August 2013), pp. 167-180 8%
Doepke (Frederick) Spatially Coinciding Objects Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Rea - Material Constitution - A Reader Yes
Doyle (Robert O.) Material Constitution Paper - Cited Personal Website Yes
Eliot (Lise) What's Going On in There?: How the Brain And Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Eliot (Lise) - What's Going On in There?: How the Brain And Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life 2%
Fine (Kit) A Counter-Example To Locke's Thesis Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Monist, Jul2000, Vol. 83 Issue 3, p357, 5p Yes
Fine (Kit) The Non-Identity of a Material Thing and Its Matter Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Mind - 112/446 (April 2003) Yes
Flew (Antony) & MacIntyre (Alasdair), Eds. New Essays in Philosophical Theology Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Flew (Antony) & MacIntyre (Alasdair), Eds. - New Essays in Philosophical Theology 9%
French (Peter) & Wettstein (Howard), Eds. Midwest Studies in Philosophy (Vol XXIII) - New Directions in Philosophy Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Low Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied 9%
French (Peter), Uehling (Theodore) & Wettstein (Howard) Midwest Studies in Philosophy (Vol XI) - Studies in Essentialism Book - Cited French (Peter), Uehling (Theodore) & Wettstein (Howard) - Midwest Studies in Philosophy (Vol XI) - Studies in Essentialism No
Gallois (Andre) Occasions of Identity : a Study in the Metaphysics of Persistence, Change, and Sameness Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Low Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied No
Gallois (Andre) The Puzzle Cases Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Gallois - Occasions of Identity, 1998, Chapter 1 No
Garrett (Brian) The Story of I: Some Comments on L.R.Baker 'Persons & Bodies' Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" Yes
Gasser (Georg), Ed. Personal Identity and Resurrection: How Do We Survive Our Death? Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Medium Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied 96%
Geisler (Norman) & Corduan (Winfried) Philosophy of Religion Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Geisler (Norman) & Corduan (Winfried) - Philosophy of Religion 17%
Genova (Lisa) Still Alice Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Genova (Lisa) - Still Alice Yes
Gibbard (Allan) Contingent Identity Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Rea - Material Constitution - A Reader Yes
Han (Byung-Chul) Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Han (Byung-Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese Yes
Harris (James F.) Analytic Philosophy of Religion Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Harris (James F.) - Analytic Philosophy of Religion No
Hawley (Katherine) Principles of Composition and Criteria of Identity Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 84.4 (December 2006), 481-93 Yes
Hazlett (Allan) Disassembly and Destruction Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 418-433 Yes
Hershenov (David) Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?' Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Religious Studies, 43:2, June 2007, 237-242 Yes
Heydari (Azam Hadj) The Price of Being Human: My Fight Against the Mullahs Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Heydari (Azam Hadj) - The Price of Being Human: My Fight Against the Mullahs Yes
Hood (Bruce) Supersense: From Superstition to Religion - The Brain Science of Belief Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Hood (Bruce) - Supersense: From Superstition to Religion - The Brain Science of Belief 5%
Howard-Snyder (Daniel), Ed. The Evidential Argument from Evil Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Howard-Snyder (Daniel), Ed. - The Evidential Argument from Evil 1%
Hudson (Hud) A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Hudson (Hud) - A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person 2%
Hudson (Hud) The Many Problematic Solutions To the Problem Of the Many Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Hudson (Hud) - A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person, 2001, Chapter 1, pp. 11-44 3%
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Hume (David), Tweyman (Stanley), Ed. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Book - Cited Low Quality Abstract Hume (David), Tweyman (Stanley), Ed. - Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 3%
Johnston (Mark) Constitution is Not Identity Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Rea - Material Constitution - A Reader Yes
Johnston (Mark) Human Beings Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract Journal of Philosophy, Volume 84, Issue 2 (Feb 1987), 59-83 Yes
Johnston (Mark) Saving God: Religion after Idolatry Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Johnston (Mark) - Saving God: Religion after Idolatry 3%
Jubien (Michael) Contemporary Metaphysics Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Low Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied 24%
Jubien (Michael) Things and Their Parts Paper - Cited Low Quality Abstract Jubien - Contemporary Metaphysics, 1997, Chapter 9 Yes
Kazez (Jean) The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Medium Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied Yes
Kazez (Jean) The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children Yes
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Kenny (Anthony) Reason and Religion - Essays in philosophical Theology Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Kenny (Anthony) - Reason and Religion - Essays in philosophical Theology No
Koslowski (Peter), Ed. The Origin and the Overcoming of Evil and Suffering in the World Religions Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Koslowski (Peter), Ed. - The Origin and the Overcoming of Evil and Suffering in the World Religions No
Kvanvig (Jonathan L.), Ed. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion: Volume 1 Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Kvanvig (Jonathan L.), Ed. - Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion: Volume 1 1%
Lamont (John) The Justice and Goodness of Hell Paper - Cited Medium Quality Abstract Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers: Vol. 28 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. 2011 6%
LePoidevin (Robin) Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract LePoidevin (Robin) - Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion 11%
LePoidevin (Robin) Religious Fictionalism Book - Cited Medium Quality Abstract LePoidevin (Robin) - Religious Fictionalism 5%
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Look (Brandon C.) The Metaphysics of Material Beings: Constitution, Persistence, and Identity Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) Medium Quality Abstract Bibliographical details to be supplied 4%
Look (Brandon C.) The Metaphysics of Material Beings: Constitution, Persistence, and Identity Paper - Cited High Quality Abstract University of Kentucky Website, Spring 2008 Yes
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