Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages
Personal Identity
Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)
(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)
Abstract
- A discussion of the arguments against animalism, as given by those of anti-animalist persuasion and defended by the principal animalists (with a focus on Eric Olson), with a critique.
Research Methodology
- Follow this Link1 for a generic statement of how I intend to pursue each Chapter.
- The method is broken down into 16, possibly iterative, stages, some of which have sub-stages.
- Follow this Link2 for my progress dashboard on these tasks.
Chapter Introduction3
- There is effectively a 1-1-match between this Chapter and the Note Animalism – Objections4, though I imagine that this Chapter will be more focussed and less exploratory than that Note.
- The main objections to Animalism are those of incredulity to the Animalist claim that “matters of psychology are irrelevant to personal identity”, when most philosophers have thought – and still do think – that it’s constitutive of it. As I’ve said previously and often – this is to confuse What Matters to us with What we Are.
- Then we have the Brain Transplant Intuition – that we go with our brains. It is very difficult to resist this intuition – for reasons I’ve given under my Note on Forward Psychological Continuity, though Eric Olson insists that the Animalist must deny it as a brain isn’t an Organism.
- Then, there are awkward pathological cases where it’s not clear quite what the animalist should say. I’ve collected these under the Note on Dicephalus5.
- Finally, there’s the question of what’s going on during Pregnancy6, which Animalists have allegedly failed to address. Is the Fetus7 a part of the mother? If so, we’d have a case of Fission at birth. Traditionalists would deny this, so the problem ‘goes away’, but it needs to be considered carefully from the actual biology (covered in the previous Note and those on Zygotes8 and Embryos9).
- I’ve also included the topic of Abortion10 as part of this Chapter, though it’s maybe either misplaced, or not sufficiently relevant.
Note Hierarchy
- Animalism11. Excluded12
- Arguments against Animalism13
- Dicephalus14
- Pregnancy15
- Zygote16
- Embryos17
- Fetuses18
- Abortion19
Main Text
- Arguments against Animalism20
- A convenient starting-point for reviewing objections to Animalism is in "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'", reviewed in this Note21.
- The most obvious objection is to the initial implausibility of Animalism’s basic contention that – because I was once a fetus22 and may one day be a vegetable23 – psychological continuity24 or connectedness25 can have nothing to do with my persistence criteria26. Animalists can be accused of not taking persons sufficiently seriously27.
- Additionally, Animalists are said to have a “corpse problem28”. Because I am co-located with my “corpse-to-be”, the Animalist is hoist by his own petard, in that he has the analogue of the “fetus problem29” he alleges against the Constitution View30.
- A spin-off from the alleged irrelevancy of psychology for human identity is the need to deny the Brain Transplant31 intuition – that “I go where my brain goes”. The Transplant Intuition has been defended from an animalist perspective in "Madden (Rory) - Human Persistence".
- In "Olson (Eric) - Human Atoms", Olson mentions four “favourite objections”, though these strike me as being rather feeble, and I suspect them of being straw men:-
- If you were an animal, you would be identical with your body (or at any rate with some human body). But no human body can think or feel or act, as you can.
- Persons and animals have different persistence conditions: the organism that is your body could outlive you (if you lapsed into a persistent vegetative state), or you could outlive it (if your brain were transplanted and the rest of you destroyed). But a thing cannot outlive itself.
- Persons and animals have different criteria of synchronic identity: any human animal could be associated with two different persons at once (as cases of split personality). Thus, no person is an animal.
- These experiences – the ones I am having now – are essentially mine. But they are only contingently associated with any particular animal. Hence, I have a property that no animal has.
- The above paper is intended, however, to rebut the argument against animalism in "Lowe (E.J.) - Subjects of Experience", which have the unlikely consequence that we are “mereological atoms”.
- "Hudson (Hud) - I am Not an Animal!" argues against animalism via the “Elimination Argument”, which I’m yet to investigate and understand. "Bailey (Andrew M.) - The Elimination Argument" seeks to rebuff it.
- Elselijn Kingma has accused animalists of not taking Pregnancy32 as an important issue for Animalism. She thinks that the Fetus33 is a part of the mother. My view is that animals can share parts, as seems to be necessary for Conjoined Twins34, which are another supposed objection to animalism if it could be successfully argued that there is only one animal in these cases.
- Dicephalus35
- There are several related pathological conditions in which the number of animals36 and the number of individuals37 may fail to align. In order of increasing severity of the “condition”:-
- Conjoined Twins: "Wikipedia - Conjoined Twins". Varies from a fairly loose conjunction of individuals, who may be separated, to more severe forms with shared organs and limbs. This article is of interest not least because it discusses the issue of fission38 versus fusion39, with the latter now the favourite suggestion.
- Craniopagus: "Wikipedia - Craniopagus Twins". The babies are joined at the skull. Contrast the case where both twins are persons40 with the degenerate case "Wikipedia - Craniopagus Parasiticus".
- Polycephaly: "Wikipedia - Polycephaly". Animals or humans with apparently more than one head. Dicephaly is the limiting case. Usually an extreme version of conjunction. See, for example, BBC - Rare two-headed snake. Note that the description “two headed” seems more plausible in the case of reptiles than humans, given their presumed reduced mental experience. That said, given that dicephaly is – according to this article – a case of incomplete fission41 of an original single individual – this descriptive decision may be correct.
- Diprosopus: "Wikipedia - Diprosopus". Animals, including humans, with two faces. There may be one or two brains, but only one skull. The important thing – and what differentiates the diprosopus from the dicephalus – is that there is much less duplication of body parts, so it is very much two brains sharing one body – though it can also be the relatively superficial – though tragic – case of one brain, one body and two faces.
- All these situations – and in particular the paradigm case of dicephalus, wherein it appears that we have a human animal42 with two heads – are often cited as a prima facie problems for Animalism43.
- The claim is that while we have multiple persons44, we only have a single animal45, so the animalist46 claim that persons are numerically identical to their organisms47 is false.
- Of course, the above claim is somewhat bald. Animalism48 – at least in the form expounded by Eric Olson – has no truck with psychology49 as necessary for our persistence50. While Olson often refers to “people” this is just shorthand for “some of us51”, rather than “persons”, the plural of person52.
- So, if the animalist claim is that we are human animals, then the question is – in the case of dicephalus and related conditions – how many of us53 are present, and how many human animals54 are present. Animalism55 need the numbers to be equal.
- The cases under consideration have the advantage over standard Thought Experiments56, in that they are real-life cases. What is actual must be possible, and a standard argument against TEs is thereby avoided, namely that some of them, at least – whatever our intuitions may say – may not in fact be possible57 because the TEs are under-described.
- That said, there’s still a temptation to push the boundaries, and to consider cases in this general area that are not actual, yet are not quite as science-fiction as the usual TEs58.
- Cases of dicephalus are fairly rare, and often one “twin” is degenerate (contrast "Wikipedia - Craniopagus Parasiticus" with "Wikipedia - Dicephalic Parapagus Twins") so it’s not clear that we have two persons59 or two of “us60”. However, the case of the dicephalus twins61, Abigail and Brittany Hensel, where one body appears to be coordinated by two brains (see "Wikipedia - Abby and Brittany Hensel") shows that this is not necessarily the case. Here we definitely have two persons62, but maybe only one animal63. This is probably a real-life case of either incomplete fission64 or of fusion65.
- There are two issues with these cases:-
- How should they be best described?
- How should the animalist respond?
- Description:
- I need to research this further, but it seems to me that we have a sliding scale of pathological cases – from that of Siamese twins (who are often fairly loosely connected, and can often be surgically separated) to the much more extreme cases of diprosopus.
- I presume, also, that we can have both fission66 or of fusion67.
- In the case of (incomplete) fission68, the twins69 will be identical, as the situation is one where the twinning process has not completed.
- But (I imagine) we can also have a case of fusion70, where the twin-embryos71 – whether identical or fraternal – that were separate have subsequently partially fused. Note that if the trins are identical, we will have had a case of fission72 followed by fusion73. I don’t know whether there have been any actual cases of this.
- Response:
- The most likely response from the animalist74 is that the dicephalus is not a single organism75, but two organisms that share some body-parts.
- The force of the arguments in this kind of case depends on “relevant similarity” – if the dicephalus-case is sufficiently similar to the general case, it can be used to show things about the general case. But this claim can be rejected.
- In the case of diprosopus, it is more difficult to claim that there are two organisms76. Now – in practice – there are never two persons77 either (as in all the 30-odd cases recorded since 1860, the condition has proved quickly fatal, so there were no persons78 present). But this might not always be so. So, Lynne Rudder Baker might claim that the rudimentary persons were indeed persons79 – as there was a possibility that they would develop into robust persons. Failing that, it might be the case in the future there is a case where the diprosopus survives to develop personality80.
- Pregnancy81
- This topic sounds utterly tangential to my research interests, but I’ve included it because Elselijn Kingma complained – in "Kingma (Elselijn) - BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1)" – that "Olson (Eric) - The Human Animal - Personal Identity Without Psychology" contained not even a footnote on the topic of pregnancy and the metaphysical issues it raises, in particular for animalism82.
- Following Kingma, the discussion will focus on the relationship throughout pregnancy between the mother and the fetus83. The key question is whether the fetus is a part of the mother or is a separate individual84 inside her. Additionally, we need to consider whether this status changes during pregnancy.
- I have to admit immediately that (contra Kingma) – my initial view is that the relationship is more “bun” (the “container model”) than “bump” (the “part model”), though this separation seems clearer as pregnancy progresses, following the implantation of the Zygote85 (prior to which there is clear separation).
- It looks like Kingma’s view is of pregnancy as a case of fusion86 followed by fission87.
- Zygote88
- A Zygote ("Wikipedia - Zygote") – is the immediate post-fertilisation product.
- In single-celled animals the zygote may constitute the entire animal.
- I once had “necessarily asexually-reproducing” here. The Wikipedia entry has it that such single-celled organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis. But if all such organisms arise in this way, in what way are they correctly described as “zygotes” which involves the “yoking together” of two distinct and differentiated gamete cells? Is it possible that some organisms reproduce both sexually and asexually? And – if so (as I believe) – is it true in this case?
- In humans, the zygote develops by division until it implants as the embryo89. Until then it is called a pre-embryo ("Wikipedia - Pre-embryo"); a morula (Wikipedia: Morula) after 4 divisions – 16 blastomeres – and a blastocyst ("Wikipedia - Blastocyst") by the 5th day. The implanted embryo is called a fetus90 after 11 weeks.
- In the philosophy of personal identity, the question arises when the human being91 or the human person92 arises. Additionally – and relatedly – was I93 ever a zygote (or an embryo94, or a fetus95).
- Most philosophers agree that a zygote isn’t a person96, because it does not possess the appropriate psychological97 attributes.
- Many philosophers contend that a human zygote isn’t a human being98 either – in that it hasn’t the appropriate set of organs.
- In addition, the question whether I was ever a zygote is complicated by two considerations:-
- Twinning99: is a special case of fission100. Why should the zygote be numerically identical to one – rather than the other – of a pair of monozygotic twins? Modal101 considerations apply if I am in fact not a monozygotic twin.
- Difference over the definition – or maybe ontological102 category – of “person103”. Some philosophers insist that an individual104 can be a person105 on account of its expected future capacities106, or actual or once anticipated past capacities, irrespective of its present capacities.
- Embryos107
- In humans, the immediate post-fertilization product – the zygote108 – develops by division until it implants as the embryo ("Wikipedia - Embryo"). It is called a fetus109 after 11 weeks.
- In the philosophy of personal identity, the question arises when the human being110 or the human person111 arises. Additionally – and relatedly – was I ever an embryo?
- Most philosophers agree that an embryo isn’t a person112, because it does not possess the appropriate psychological113 attributes114.
- Many philosophers contend that a human embryo isn’t a human being115 either – in that it hasn’t the appropriate set of organs.
- In addition, the question whether I was ever an embryo is complicated by differences over the definition – or maybe ontological category – of “person116”, as was noted in the discussion of Zygote117.
- Fetuses118
- In humans, the implanted embryo ("Wikipedia - Embryo") is called a fetus ("Wikipedia - Fetus") after 11 weeks which remains the favoured term of reference until the individual119’s birth – whether full-term or induced – when it is referred to as a neonate (or a baby!). Referring to the fetus as a “baby” is tendentious but common in the pro-life movement.
- Fetuses feature a lot in the philosophy of personal identity. Are they persons120, or merely potential persons, given that they probably fail the conditions for personhood121?
- Was I122 ever a fetus? At least, was I an early-term fetus?
- This latter question is addressed by animalists123 – who think that we were indeed fetuses – as a poser for supporters of the psychological view124 (or constitution view125) of personal identity (since fetuses lack psychological connectedness126 to adult persons, and even lack psychological continuity127 to them on the presumption that early-term fetuses lack all psychological experience).
- But, it’s also alleged as a problem for animalism128, or at least a matter that has not been properly addressed by them. What was the relation of the fetus to its mother. Was the mother merely a container, or was the fetus a proper part129 of the mother, who thereby fissioned130 on the baby’s birth? See Elselijn Kingma and "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?".
- It strikes me that the “fission at birth” view is too implausible – the fetus – especially near term – certainly looks like an independent being that’s being hosted on life support by the mother. So, maybe we can come to a compromise understanding whereby the fissioning131 happens earlier, though the separation would clearly be more vague132 than the cutting of the umbilical cord.
- Abortion133
- The morality of abortion is a large and important issue, but is not my major concern except insofar as it impinges on the topic of Personal Identity.
- Our views on Personal Identity will have an impact on our views of the morality of abortion, though not in any straightforward manner.
- More importantly – and regrettably so in my opinion – views on the morality of abortion can have an impact on one’s views of personal identity. This is the wrong way round, and violates the fact / value distinction. While ethical, political or religious134 views might influence our preference for certain metaphysical views, they should not constrain our actual beliefs, which should be responses to how things are, and to which our other beliefs should conform, however disappointing that might be.
- This remark assumes that there is a “way things are” that is independent of the desires and motivations of human beings. This is denied by – for instance – Yuval Noah Harari; but see – for a robust realist view – "Blackburn (Simon) - Truth: A Guide for the Perplexed".
- I do not wish to deny that our ethical, political and religious views can be responses to how things are, just that they were often responses to how things seemed to us – or to people we respected – at formative times of our lives, and then got entrenched and we remain impervious to evidence to the contrary.
- I’ll leave further discussion for now. Enough to say that I’ll not intend to wade in too far into this moral morass, though I will need to review the foundational papers on the moral implications of abortion.
- The note on Pregnancy135 raises questions of what (to put it rather positively) abortion actually achieves. According to the standard “container model”, abortion kills a distinct, though temporarily dependent, being. However, according to the “parthood model”, abortion only removes a part of the whole (removing the so-called “foster” from the “gravida”: see "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?").
Concluding Remarks
- Having now discussed the arguments against Animalism, we now in our next Chapter136 turn to the arguments against the Constitution View.
- This is work in progress137.
Links to Books / Papers to be Addressed138
- This section attempts to derive the readings lists automatically from those of the underlying Notes, but removing duplicated references. The list is divided into:-
- I’ve not been overly careful to segregate the reading-list of this Chapter from that of Chapter 6141. I will address the segregation in due course. There will, in any case, be some overlap.
- Many aspects of these papers will need to be either ignored or reserved for other chapters.
Works on this topic that I’ve actually read142, include the following:-
- Arguments against Animalism143
- Dicephalus & Conjoined Twins144:
- "Buchanan (Rachael) - The battle to separate Safa and Marwa", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Wikipedia - Craniopagus Twins", 2017, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Big-Tent Metaphysics", 2008, Write-Up Note145, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Response to Eric Olson", 2008, Write-Up Note146, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson", 2008, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Belshaw (Christopher) - My Beginnings", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism (SEP)", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases", 2007, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Blatti (Stephan), Ed. - The Lives of Human Animals", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Campbell (Scott) - Can You Survive a Brain-Zap", 2004, Annotations
- "Carter (William) - Death and Bodily Transfiguration", 1984, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Francescotti (Robert) - Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Garrett (Brian) - Animalism and Reductionism", 1998, Annotations
- "Garrett (Brian) - Some Thoughts on Animalism", 2003, Annotations
- "Hershenov (David) - Do Dead Bodies Pose a Problem for Biological Approaches to Personal Identity", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Mackie (David) - Going Topless", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Mackie (David) - Personal Identity and Dead People", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Madden (Rory) - Human Persistence", 2016, Internal PDF Link
- "Markosian (Ned) - Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity", 2008, Write-Up Note147, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - Animalism Versus Lockeanism: A Current Controversy", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - Animalism versus Lockeanism: Reply to Mackie", 2001, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - Arguments Against Animalism: Comments on L.R.Baker 'Persons & Bodies'", 2001, Write-Up Note148, Annotations
- "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Corpse Problem", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem", 2015, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - On Parfit's View That We Are Not Human Beings", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Replies to Baker, Markosian & Zimmerman", 2008, Write-Up Note149, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - The Person and the Corpse", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'", 2008, Book
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Self, Body, and Coincidence", 1999, Annotations
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Personal Identity and Brain Transplants", 1991, Annotations
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons, Animals, and Bodies", 1995, Annotations
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Some Objections to Animalism", 2003
- "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", 2009, Write-Up Note150
- "Steinhart (Eric) - Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms", 2001, Annotations
- "Unger (Peter) - The Survival of the Sentient", 2000, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - Problems for Animalism", 2008, Write-Up Note151, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Pregnancy152:
- "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Lady Parts: The Metaphysics of Pregnancy", 2018, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations
- Dicephalus153
- Dicephalus & Conjoined Twins154:
- "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases", 2007, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Buchanan (Rachael) - The battle to separate Safa and Marwa", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Paris (J.J.) & Elias-Jones (A.C.) - Do we murder Mary to save Jodie?", Annotations, External Link
- "Walker (Robert) - Mary And Jodie – The Case Of The Conjoined Twins", Annotations, External Link
- "Wikipedia - Craniopagus Twins", 2017, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism and its Implications", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Blatti (Stephan), Ed. - The Lives of Human Animals", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - Countering the Appeal of the Psychological Approach to Personal Identity", 2004, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - The Organism View Defended", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009
- "Wilson (Jack) - Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities", 1999, Annotations
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy155
- Aeon:
- "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Horn (Claire) - The history of the incubator makes a sideshow of mothering", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Isaac (Sasha) - Is artificial-womb technology a tool for women’s liberation?", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction", 1975
- "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1)", 2016, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Lady Parts: The Metaphysics of Pregnancy", 2018, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations
- "Ludwig (Arnold) - How do we Know who we are? Prologue", 1997
- "Olson (Eric) - The Human Animal - Personal Identity Without Psychology", 1997, Book
- Zygote156
- General:
- "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Were You a Zygote?", 1982
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Carter (William) - Do Zygotes Become People?", 1982, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Wilson (Jack) - Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities", 1999, Annotations
- Embryos157
- General:
- "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Embryos and Final Causes", 1990, No Abstract
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Embryos and StemCell Research", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Shoemaker (David) - Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Fetuses158
- Aeon:
- "Finn (Suki) - Bun or bump?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Embryos and Final Causes", 1990, No Abstract
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Coherence Of the Constitution View of Human Persons", 2000, Write-Up Note159, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - What Am I?", 1999, Write-Up Note160, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Footnote161
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue", 1975
- "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction", 1975
- "Carter (William) - Do Zygotes Become People?", 1982, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Feldman (Fred) - Abortion and the Failure to Conceive", 1992
- "Francescotti (Robert) - Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017, Book
- "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1)", 2016, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B2)", 2016, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations
- "Koch (Christof) - When Does Consciousness Arise in Human Babies?", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Olson (Eric) - Persistence", 1999
- "Olson (Eric) - Reply to Lynne Rudder Baker", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Was I Ever a Fetus?", 1997, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Was I Ever a Fetus? (Human Animal)", 1999
- "Shoemaker (David) - Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics - Introduction", 2009
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009
- "Velleman (David) - Beyond Price: Essays on Life and Death - Introduction", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Infants and Foetuses", 2003
- Abortion162
- Abortion:
- "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue", 1975
- "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction", 1975
- "Conee (Earl) - Reply to Timothy Chappell", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Feldman (Fred) - Abortion and the Failure to Conceive", 1992
- "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017, Footnote163
- "Shoemaker (David) - Moral Issues at the Beginning of Life, Part I: Killing", 2009
- "Tollefsen (Christopher) - Abortion and the Human Animal", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Beginnings:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Carter (William) - Do Zygotes Become People?", 1982, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- General:
- "DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Glover (Jonathan) - Causing Death and Saving Lives", 1986, Book, Footnote164
- "Lizza (John) - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death: Preface", 2006
- "Mulgan (Tim) - Critical Notice of Jeff McMahan's The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Pruski (Michal) & Playford (Richard C.) - Artificial Wombs, Thomson and Abortion – What Might Change", External Link
- "Singer (Peter) - Rethinking Life & Death: Prologue", 1994
- "Velleman (David) - Beyond Price: Essays on Life and Death - Introduction", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- Infanticide:
- "Rodger (Daniel), Blackshaw (Bruce P.) & Wilcox (Clinton) - Why arguments against infanticide remain convincing", 2018, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Research:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Embryos and StemCell Research", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
A further reading list might start with:-
- Arguments against Animalism165
- Dicephalus & Conjoined Twins166:
- "Campbell (Tim) & McMahan (Jeff) - Animalism and the Varieties of Conjoined Twinning", 2016, Read = 40%
- "Olson (Eric) - The Metaphysical Implications of Conjoined Twining", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Stone (James L.) & Goodrich (James T.) - The craniopagus malformation: classification and implications for surgical separation", 2006, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 42%
- General:
- "Ayer (A.J.) - The Meaning of Life", 1991, No Abstract
- "Bailey (Andrew M.) - The Elimination Argument", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 67%
- "Berglund (Stefan) - Animalism", 1995
- "Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds. - Animalism: Introduction", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 58%
- "Braine (David) - The Human Person: Animal and Spirit", 1993, Book, Read = 1%
- "Ferner (Adam) - Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 1%
- "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Embryo Problem", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - The Death of a Person", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - The Problematic Role of ‘Irreversibility’ in the Definition of Death", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hudson (Hud) - I am Not an Animal!", 2007, Read = 11%
- "Lowe (E.J.) - Subjects of Experience", 1996, Book, Read = 3%
- "Madden (Rory) - Thinking Parts", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 18%
- "Moran (Alexander P.) - Animalism and the Thinking Parts Problem", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Noller (Jorg) - Beyond Animalism and Constitutionalism: The Person as A Form of Life", Undated, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Olson (Eric) - Human Atoms", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Olson (Eric) - The Remnant-Person Problem", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Olson (Eric) - The Role of the Brainstem in Personal Identity", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Animals", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 129%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Brains", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? What Now?", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 57%
- "Parfit (Derek) - We Are Not Human Beings", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 38%
- "Petrus (Klaus), Ed. - On Human Persons", 2003, Book, Read = 72%
- "Puhl (Klaus) - Review of Klaus Petrus's 'On Human Persons'", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Reid (Mark D.) - A Case in Which Two Persons Exist in One Animal", 2016, Read = 42%
- "Shoemaker (David) - The Stony Metaphysical Heart of Animalism", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 24%
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Animalism and the Unity of Consciousness", 2014, Read = 7%
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Multiple Personality Disorder", 2014, Read = 33%
- "Toner (Patrick) - Hylemorphic animalism", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Tzinman (Rina) - Memory, Organisms and the Circle of Life", 2018, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- Pregnancy167:
- "Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter) - Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) - Sortals and Human Beginnings", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Oderberg (David) - The Metaphysical Status of the Embryo: Some Arguments Revisited", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit) - Sixteen Days", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- Dicephalus168
- Dicephalus & Conjoined Twins169:
- "Barilan (Y. Michael) - One or Two: An Examination of the Recent Case of the Conjoined Twins from Malta", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Campbell (Tim) & McMahan (Jeff) - Animalism and the Varieties of Conjoined Twinning", 2016, Read = 40%
- "Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Conjoined Twins and the Biological Account of Personal Identity", 2006, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Olson (Eric) - The Metaphysical Implications of Conjoined Twining", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Reid (Mark D.) - A Case in Which Two Persons Exist in One Animal", 2016, Read = 42%
- "Stone (James L.) & Goodrich (James T.) - The craniopagus malformation: classification and implications for surgical separation", 2006, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 42%
- "Wikipedia - Abby and Brittany Hensel", External Link, Read = 25%
- "Wikipedia - Conjoined Twins", External Link, Read = 10%
- "Wikipedia - Craniopagus Parasiticus", External Link, Read = 25%
- "Wikipedia - Dicephalic Parapagus Twins", External Link, Read = 25%
- "Wikipedia - Diprosopus", External Link, Read = 25%
- "Wikipedia - Polycephaly", External Link, Read = 10%
- General:
- "Hershenov (David) - Problems with a Constitution Account of Persons", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Hershenov (David) - Shoemaker's Problem of Too Many Thinkers", 2007, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Animalism and the Unity of Consciousness", 2014, Read = 7%
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy170
- General:
- "Davis (Michael) - Fetuses, Famous Violinists, and the Right to Continued Aid", 1983, Internal PDF Link
- "English (Jane) - Abortion and the Concept of a Person", 1975
- "Forrester (Mary) - Problems and Persons: Introduction", 1996, Read = 44%
- "Lizza (John) - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death", 2006, Book, Read = 2%, Footnote171
- "Lyerly (Anne Drapkin), Little (Margaret Olivia), Etc. - Risk and the pregnant body", 2009, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Profet (Margie) - Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens", 1992, Footnote172
- "Scott (Rosamund) - The Pregnant Woman and the Good Samaritan: Can a Woman have a Duty to Undergo a Caesarean Section?", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Sidzinska (Maja) - Not One, Not Two: Toward an Ontology of Pregnancy", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Smith (Barry) & Varzi (Achille) - Fiat and Bona Fide Boundaries", 2000, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Smith (Barry) & Varzi (Achille) - The Niche", 1999, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- Zygote173
- General:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Does a Person Begin?", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter) - Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Ford (Norman) - When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science", 1988, Book, Read = 3%
- "Guenin (Louis M.) - The Nonindividuation Argument Against Zygotic Personhood", 2006
- "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Anscombe on Embryos and Persons", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit) - Sixteen Days", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Strong (Carson) - Preembryo Personhood - An Assessment of the President’s Council Arguments", 2006, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Tacelli (Ronald) - Were You a Zygote?", 2006, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Wikipedia - Blastocyst", 2023, External Link, Read = 25%
- "Wikipedia - Pre-embryo", 2023, External Link, Read = 50%
- "Wikipedia - Zygote", 2023, External Link, Read = 25%
- Embryos174
- General:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Does a Person Begin?", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Cameron (Nigel M. de S.) - Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate", 1987, Book
- "CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?", 1986, Book, Footnote175
- "Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter) - Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Ford (Norman) - When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science", 1988, Book, Read = 3%
- "Ghiselin (Michael) - Embryology as History and as Law", 1997, No Abstract
- "Hershenov (David) - Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Embryo Problem", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - Perdure and Murder", 1986, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Anscombe on Embryos and Persons", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.) - Dualism, Panpsychism, and the Bioethical Status of Brainless Embryos", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "McLaren (Ann) - Prelude to Embryogenesis", 1986
- "Oderberg (David) - The Metaphysical Status of the Embryo: Some Arguments Revisited", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Simmons (Aaron) - Do Embryos Have Interests? Why Embryos Are Identical to Future Persons but Not Harmed by Death", 2012, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit) - Sixteen Days", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Tollefsen (Christopher) - Embryos, Individuals, and Persons: An Argument Against Embryo Creation and Research", 2001, Internal PDF Link
- "Warnock (Mary) - A Question of Life - The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology", 1985, Book
- "Warnock (Mary) - Ethical challenges in embryo manipulation", 1992, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Wikipedia - Embryo", External Link, Read = 17%
- "Williams (Bernard) - Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research", 1986
- Fetuses176
- General:
- "Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds. - Human Life, Action and Ethics", 2005, Book, Read = 10%
- "Archard (David) - Wrongful Life", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Bermudez (Jose Luis) - The Moral Significance of Birth", 1996, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Chambers (K. Lindsey) - It’s Complicated: What Our Attitudes toward Pregnancy, Abortion, and Miscarriage Tell Us about the Moral Status of Early Fetuses", 2020, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Chisholm (Roderick) - Coming Into Being and Passing Away: Can the Metaphysician Help?", 1989, Internal PDF Link
- "Engelhardt (H. Tristram) - The Ontology of Abortion", 1974, Internal PDF Link
- "English (Jane) - Abortion and the Concept of a Person", 1975
- "Flower (Michael J.) - Neuromaturation and the Moral Status of Human Fetal Life", 1985, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics", 1996, Book, Read = 4%
- "Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary", 1996, Read = 33%
- "Forrester (Mary) - Should Fetuses be Extended Persons?", 1996
- "Forrester (Mary) - The Central Feature of Personhood", 1996, Read = 33%
- "Forrester (Mary) - The Human Fetus: Introduction", 1996
- "Gallagher (Shaun) - The Moral Significance of Primitive Self-Consciousness: A Response to Bermudez", 1996, Internal PDF Link
- "Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca) - After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures", 1990, Book, Read = 2%
- "Hershenov (David) - Abortions and Distortions: An Analysis of Morally Irrelevant Factors in Thomson's Violinist Thought Experiment", 2001, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Embryo Problem", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Howsepian (Avak Albert) - Four queries concerning the metaphysics of early human embryogenesis", 2008, Read = 13%
- "Instone-Brewer (David) - Techniques and Assumptions in Jewish Exegesis before 70 CE", No Abstract, Read = 5%
- "Jones (D. Gareth) - The Human Embryo: Between Oblivion and Meaningful Life", 1994, Internal PDF Link
- "Kenny (Anthony) - Life Stories: When an individual life begins - and the ethics of ending it", 2007, Internal PDF Link
- "Kolb (Charles E.M.) - The Proposed Human Life Statute: Abortion as Murder", 1981, Internal PDF Link
- "Manninen (Bertha Alvarez) - Yes, the baby should live: a pro-choice response to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Marquis (Don) - Why Abortion is Immoral", 1989, Internal PDF Link
- "McInerney (Peter K.) - Does a Fetus Already Have a Future-Like-Ours", 1990, Internal PDF Link
- "Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - The Moral & Metaphysical Status of the Unborn: Abortion and Fetal Research", 2000, No Abstract
- "Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy", 1992, Book, Read = 2%
- "Olson (Eric) - Was I Ever a Fetus? ('New Version')", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Page (Edgar) - Neonates, Persons and the Right to Life", 1989, Internal PDF Link
- "Persson (Ingmar) - Harming the Non-conscious", 1999, Internal PDF Link
- "Stone (Jim) - Why Potentiality Matters", 1987, Internal PDF Link
- "Thomson (Judith Jarvis) - A Defense of Abortion", 1971, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Tooley (Michael) - Abortion", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Verny (Thomas), Kelly (John) - The Secret Life of the Unborn Child", 1982, Book
- "Wikipedia - Embryo", External Link, Read = 17%
- "Wikipedia - Fetus", External Link, Read = 17%
- "Wreen (Michael J.) - The Standing is Slippery", 2004
- Abortion177
- Abortion:
- "Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds. - The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice", 2001, Book, Read = 2%
- "Beckwith (Francis J.) - Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin's A Defense of Abortion", 2006, Internal PDF Link
- "Boonin (David) - A Defense of Abortion", 2003, Book, Read = 1%
- "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View", 1975, Book, Read = 4%
- "Chappell (Tim), Chappell (Sophie Grace) - The Relevance of Metaphysics to Bioethics: A Reply to Earl Conee", 2000, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Conee (Earl) - Metaphysics and the morality of abortion", 1999, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Diamond (James J.) - Abortion, Animation, and Biological Hominization", 1975, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Engelhardt (H. Tristram) - The Ontology of Abortion", 1974, Internal PDF Link
- "English (Jane) - Abortion and the Concept of a Person", 1975
- "Feinberg (Joel) - Abortion", 1980
- "Hall (Timothy) - Abortion, the Right to Life, and Dependence", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Hare (R.M.) - Abortion and the Golden Rule", 1975, Internal PDF Link
- "Harman (Elizabeth) - Creation Ethics: The Moral Status of Early Fetuses and the Ethics of Abortion", 1999, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - Abortions and Distortions: An Analysis of Morally Irrelevant Factors in Thomson's Violinist Thought Experiment", 2001, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - Explaining the Psychological Appeal of Viability as a Cutoff Point", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Hershenov (David) - How a Hylomorphic Metaphysics Constrains the Abortion Debate", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Hershenov (David) - Perdure and Murder", 1986, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%, Footnote178
- "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Morally Relevant Potential", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - The “I’m Personally Opposed to Abortion But…” Argument", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - The Relevance of Metaphysics to the Morality of Abortion", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kenyon (Edwin) - The Dilemma of Abortion", 1986, Book
- "Koritansky (Peter) - The Role of Philosophy in the Contemporary Abortion Debate.", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Lee (Patrick) - A Christian Philosopher’s View of Recent Directions in the Abortion Debate", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Little (Margaret Olivia) - Abortion, Intimacy, and the Duty to Gestate", 1999, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%, Footnote179
- "Maitzen (Stephen) - Abortion in the Original Position", 1999, Internal PDF Link
- "Manninen (Bertha Alvarez) - Revisiting the argument from fetal potential", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Marquis (Don) - Why Abortion is Immoral", 1989, Internal PDF Link
- "Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy", 1992, Book, Read = 2%
- "Paez (Eze) - Abortion: What We Ought to Believe - An Ontological and Normative Analysis", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Paez (Eze) - Are we animals? Abortion, identity and a modified Future-of-Value Account", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Pluhar (Werner S.) - Abortion and Simple Consciousness", 1977, Internal PDF Link
- "Quinn (Warren S.) - Abortion: Identity and Loss", 1984, Internal PDF Link
- "Rini (Regina) - Abortion, Ultrasound, and Moral Persuasion", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Sterba (James P.) - Abortion, Distant Peoples, and Future Generations", 1980, Internal PDF Link
- "Surovell (Jonathan) - But for the Grace of God: Abortion and Cognitive Disability, Luck and Moral Status", 2017, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Thomson (Judith Jarvis) - A Defense of Abortion", 1971, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Warren (Mary Anne) - Abortion", 2000
- "Warren (Mary Anne) - On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion", 1973, No Abstract
- Beginnings:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Does a Person Begin?", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Brill (H. Skott) - The Future-Like-Ours Argument, Personal Identity, and the Twinning Dilemma", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "DeGrazia (David) - Identity, Killing, and the Boundaries of Our Existence", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary", 1996, Read = 33%
- "Hershenov (David) - Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%, Footnote180
- "Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.) - Dualism, Panpsychism, and the Bioethical Status of Brainless Embryos", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Hudson (Hud) - Pre-Persons, Post-Persons, Non-Persons, and Person-Parts", 2001
- "Hudson (Hud) - Temporal Parts and Moral Personhood", 1999
- "McMahan (Jeff) - Beginnings", 2002
- "Singer (Peter) - Uncertain Beginnings", 1994
- "Warren (Mary Anne) - Do Potential People Have Moral Rights?", 1977, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Forrester (Mary) - Problems and Persons: Introduction", 1996, Read = 44%
- "Forrester (Mary) - The Central Feature of Personhood", 1996, Read = 33%
- "Hershenov (David) - Review of David DeGrazia’s Human Identity and Bioethics", 2008, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 83%
- "Tollefsen (Christopher) - Animalism and the Unborn Human Being", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Wyatt (John) - Matters of Life and Death", 2009, Book, Read = 13%
- Infanticide:
- "Beckwith (Francis J.) - Potentials and burdens: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Camosy (Charles) - Concern for our vulnerable prenatal and neonatal children: a brief reply to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca) - After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca) - Clarifications on the moral status of newborns and the normative implications", 2013, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Hauskeller (Michael) - Reflections from a Troubled Stream: Giubilini and Minerva on 'After-Birth Abortion'", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Laing (Jacqueline) - Infanticide: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Manninen (Bertha Alvarez) - Yes, the baby should live: a pro-choice response to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "McGee (Andrew J.) - The moral status of babies", 2013, Internal PDF Link
- "Mori (Maurizio) - The Italian reaction to the Giubilini and Minerva paper", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Singer (Peter) & Khuse (Helga) - Should the Baby Live?", 1985, Book
- "Tooley (Michael) - Abortion and Infanticide", 1972, Internal PDF Link
- "Tooley (Michael) - Abortion and Infanticide", 1983, Book, Annotations, Read = 2%
- Research:
- "DeGrazia (David) - Prenatal Identity: Genetic Interventions, Reproductive Choices", 2005, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures", 1990, Book, Read = 2%
- "Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - The Moral & Metaphysical Status of the Unborn: Abortion and Fetal Research", 2000, No Abstract
- "Singer (Peter) & Dawson (Karen) - IVF Technology and the Argument from Potential", 1988, Internal PDF Link
In-Page Footnotes:
Footnote 3:
- The hyperlinks in this Introduction – as in the other Chapter Introductions – are intended to help motivate the various Notes used in the construction of the Chapter.
- So, a link appears once and once only per Note in the Note Hierarchy below, and appears – as far as possible – in the order of the Hierarchy, even if this is not its first mention.
- Links to other Notes are omitted in the Chapter Introduction, but appear passim in the Main Text.
Footnote 12:
- This Note will be excluded from the Reading List for this Chapter.
- It is included in the Reading List for Chapter 6.
Footnote 138:
- See the section on Research Methodology for what is to be done with these.
Footnote 161: Footnote 163:
- See Chapter 5: “In the Beginning: What's going on in there?”
Footnote 164:
- This is a well-known and important book that I read a long time ago, but which doesn’t seem to have been referenced hitherto.
Footnote 171:
- The item that my algorithms drew my attention to is the possibility of “post-mortem pregnancy”.
- This anomalous notion is motivated by the adoption of “brain death” as the legal or clinical definition of death, where the mother is deemed dead but is evidently sufficiently biologically alive to carry the fetus as far as viability.
Footnote 172:
- Doubtless of very dubious relevance, but you never know.
Footnote 175: See, in particular, Footnote 178: Footnote 179:
- This paper might be as well considered in the Note on Pregnancy.
Footnote 180:
Table of the Previous 12 Versions of this Note: (of 14)
| Note last updated |
Reading List for this Topic |
Parent Topic |
| 06/07/2023 00:43:12 |
None available |
Thesis - Introduction |
Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note
To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.
Summary of Notes Citing This Note
| Life After Death |
Origins |
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2 |
Status: Thesis Dashboard (2023: September), 2 |
Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2 |
| Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It) |
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments) |
Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection) |
Thesis - Introduction |
Thinking Animal Argument |
| Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 |
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To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.
Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note
| Author |
Title |
Medium |
Extra Links |
Read? |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It) |
Paper  |
2 |
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It) |
Paper |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments) |
Paper |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection) |
Paper |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Introduction & Chapter Outlines |
Paper |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Life After Death |
Paper |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Origins |
Paper |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Thinking Animal Argument |
Paper |
|
Yes |
References & Reading List
| Author |
Title |
Medium |
Source |
Read? |
| Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds. |
Human Life, Action and Ethics |
Book - Cited |
Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds. - Human Life, Action and Ethics |
10% |
| Bailey (Andrew M.) |
The Elimination Argument |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophical Studies 168 (2014): 475-482 |
56% |
| Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds. |
The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice |
Book - Cited  |
Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds. - The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice |
2% |
| Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Big-Tent Metaphysics |
Paper - Cited  |
Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil) |
Yes |
| Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Response to Eric Olson |
Paper - Cited |
Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil) |
Yes |
| Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson |
Paper - Cited |
Mind, 117:1120-1122, 2008 |
Yes |
| Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
When Do Persons Begin and End? |
Paper - Cited |
Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005 |
Yes |
| Baker (Lynne Rudder), Etc. |
E-Symposium on 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View' |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
| Belshaw (Christopher) |
My Beginnings |
Paper - Cited |
The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 371-389 |
Yes |
| Bermudez (Jose Luis), Marcel (Anthony) & Eilan (Naomi), Eds. |
The Body and the Self |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
4% |
| Blackburn (Simon) |
Truth: A Guide for the Perplexed |
Book - Cited |
Blackburn (Simon) - Truth: A Guide for the Perplexed |
Yes |
| Blatti (Stephan) |
Animalism (SEP) |
Paper - Cited |
Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2014 |
Yes |
| Blatti (Stephan) |
Animalism and its Implications |
Paper - Cited |
OU Website (now deleted) |
Yes |
| Blatti (Stephan) |
Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophical Psychology 20 (2007): 595–608 |
Yes |
| Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds. |
Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
22% |
| Blatti (Stephan), Ed. |
The Lives of Human Animals |
Paper - Cited |
The Southern Journal of Philosophy Volume 52, Spindel Supplement, 2014 |
Yes |
| Boonin (David) |
A Defense of Abortion |
Book - Cited |
Boonin (David) - A Defense of Abortion |
1% |
| Bradley (Ben), Feldman (Fred) & Johansson (Jens) |
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
7% |
| Braine (David) |
The Human Person: Animal and Spirit |
Book - Cited |
Braine (David) - The Human Person: Animal and Spirit |
1% |
| Brody (Baruch) |
Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View |
Book - Cited |
Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View |
4% |
| Buchanan (Rachael) |
The battle to separate Safa and Marwa |
Paper - Cited |
BBC Website, July 2019 |
Yes |
| Cameron (Nigel M. de S.) |
Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate |
Book - Cited |
Cameron (Nigel M. de S.) - Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate |
No |
| Campbell (Scott) |
Can You Survive a Brain-Zap |
Paper - Cited |
Theoria, 2004; 70(1): 22-27 |
Yes |
| Campbell (Tim) & McMahan (Jeff) |
Animalism and the Varieties of Conjoined Twinning |
Paper - Cited |
Blatti & Snowdon - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity, 2016: Part III, Chapter 11, pp. 229-252 |
40% |
| Carter (William) |
Death and Bodily Transfiguration |
Paper - Cited |
Mind, 1984, 412-418 |
Yes |
| CIBA Foundation |
Human Embryo Research: Yes or No? |
Book - Cited |
CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No? |
No |
| Cockburn (David), Ed. |
Human Beings |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
7% |
| Finn (Suki) |
Bun or bump? |
Paper - Cited |
Aeon, 27 July, 2017 |
Yes |
| Ford (Norman) |
When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science |
Book - Cited |
Ford (Norman) - When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science |
3% |
| Forrester (Mary) |
Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics |
Book - Cited |
Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics |
4% |
| Francescotti (Robert) |
Fetuses, corpses and the psychological approach to personal identity |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophical Explorations, Mar2005, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p69-81, 13p |
Yes |
| Garrett (Brian) |
Animalism and Reductionism |
Paper - Cited |
Garrett - Personal Identity and Self-consciousness, 1998, Chapter 2 |
Yes |
| Garrett (Brian) |
Personal Identity and Self-consciousness |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
| Garrett (Brian) |
Some Thoughts on Animalism |
Paper - Cited |
Petrus - On Human Persons, 2003 |
Yes |
| Glover (Jonathan) |
Causing Death and Saving Lives |
Book - Cited |
Glover (Jonathan) - Causing Death and Saving Lives |
Yes |
| Grobstein (Clifford) |
Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures |
Book - Cited |
Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures |
2% |
| Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) |
Aeon: C-F |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
51% |
| Hershenov (David) |
Do Dead Bodies Pose a Problem for Biological Approaches to Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited |
Mind, 114, Number 453, 1 January 2005, pp. 31-59(29). |
Yes |
| Hudson (Hud) |
I am Not an Animal! |
Paper - Cited |
Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean) - Persons: Human and Divine |
11% |
| Kazez (Jean) |
The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children |
Book - Cited |
Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children |
Yes |
| Kenyon (Edwin) |
The Dilemma of Abortion |
Book - Cited |
Kenyon (Edwin) - The Dilemma of Abortion |
No |
| Kingma (Elselijn) |
BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1) |
Paper - Cited |
Southampton University Website |
Yes |
| Kingma (Elselijn) |
Lady Parts: The Metaphysics of Pregnancy |
Paper - Cited |
Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, Volume 82 (Metaphysics) - July 2018, pp. 165-187 |
Yes |
| Kingma (Elselijn) |
Were You Part of Your Mother? |
Paper - Cited |
Mind, Volume 128, Issue 511, July 2019, Pages 609–646 |
Yes |
| Lizza (John) |
Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death |
Book - Cited |
Lizza (John) - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death |
2% |
| Lockwood (Michael) |
When Does a Life Begin? |
Paper - Cited |
Lockwood - Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine, 1987 |
Yes |
| Lockwood (Michael), Ed. |
Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
29% |
| Lowe (E.J.) |
Subjects of Experience |
Book - Cited |
Lowe (E.J.) - Subjects of Experience |
3% |
| Lyerly (Anne Drapkin), Little (Margaret Olivia), Etc. |
Risk and the pregnant body |
Paper - Cited |
The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 39, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 2009), pp. 34-42 |
11% |
| Mackie (David) |
Going Topless |
Paper - Cited |
Ratio 11.2, Sep1998, p125, 16p |
Yes |
| Mackie (David) |
Personal Identity and Dead People |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophical Studies 95, Number 3, September 1999, pp. 219-242(24). |
Yes |
| Madden (Rory) |
Human Persistence |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophers’ Imprint, Vol. 16, No. 17, September 2016 |
Yes |
| Markosian (Ned) |
Three Problems for Olson's Account of Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited |
Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil) |
Yes |
| Marshall (Richard) |
Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
37% |
| Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) |
Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands |
Paper - Cited |
Marshall (Richard) - Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers |
Yes |
| Martin (Michael G.F.), Ed. |
Mind - 114/453 (January 2005) |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
11% |
| McLaren (Ann) |
Prelude to Embryogenesis |
Paper - Cited |
CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No? |
No |
| Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) |
The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy |
Book - Cited |
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy |
2% |
| Noonan (Harold) |
Animalism Versus Lockeanism: A Current Controversy |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophical Quarterly, 1998, Vol. 48 Issue 192, p302, 17p; |
Yes |
| Noonan (Harold) |
Animalism versus Lockeanism: Reply to Mackie |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophical Quarterly, 2001, Vol. 51 Issue 202, p83, 8p |
Yes |
| Noonan (Harold) |
Arguments Against Animalism: Comments on L.R.Baker 'Persons & Bodies' |
Paper - Cited |
Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" |
Yes |
| O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. |
Metaphysics |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
8% |
| O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. |
Mind, Self and Person |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
35% |
| Olson (Eric) |
Animalism and the Corpse Problem |
Paper - Cited |
Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 82, No. 2, pp. 265-274; June 2004 |
Yes |
| Olson (Eric) |
Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem |
Paper - Cited |
J. Fonseca and J. Gonçalves, eds., Philosophical Perspectives on the Self, Peter Lang 2015: 21-40 |
Yes |
| Olson (Eric) |
Human Atoms |
Paper - Cited |
Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76, No 3, pp. 396-406; September 1998 |
33% |
| Olson (Eric) |
On Parfit's View That We Are Not Human Beings |
Paper - Cited |
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Mind, Self and Person, 2015: 39-56 |
Yes |
| Olson (Eric) |
Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson) |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
16% |
| Olson (Eric) |
Replies to Baker, Markosian & Zimmerman |
Paper - Cited |
Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil) |
Yes |
| Olson (Eric) |
The Human Animal - Personal Identity Without Psychology |
Book - Cited |
Olson (Eric) - The Human Animal - Personal Identity Without Psychology |
Yes |
| Olson (Eric) |
The Person and the Corpse |
Paper - Cited |
Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death; ed. Ben Bradley, Fred Feldman, and Jens Johansson (OUP, 2015), pp. 80-96 |
Yes |
| Olson (Eric), Etc. |
Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal' |
Book - Cited |
Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal' |
Yes |
| Paris (J.J.) & Elias-Jones (A.C.) |
Do we murder Mary to save Jodie? |
Paper - Cited |
Postgrad Med J 2001;77:593–598 |
Yes |
| Petrus (Klaus), Ed. |
On Human Persons |
Book - Cited |
Petrus (Klaus), Ed. - On Human Persons |
73% |
| Shand (John) |
Central Issues of Philosophy |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
35% |
| Shoemaker (Sydney) |
Self, Body, and Coincidence |
Paper - Cited |
Supplement to the Proceedings of The Aristotelian Society, Vol. 73: 1999, 287-306 |
Yes |
| Singer (Peter) & Khuse (Helga) |
Should the Baby Live? |
Book - Cited |
Singer (Peter) & Khuse (Helga) - Should the Baby Live? |
No |
| Snowdon (Paul) |
Personal Identity and Brain Transplants |
Paper - Cited |
Cockburn - Human Beings, 1991 |
Yes |
| Snowdon (Paul) |
Persons, Animals, and Bodies |
Paper - Cited |
Bermudez, Marcel & Eilan - The Body and the Self, 1995 |
Yes |
| Snowdon (Paul) |
Some Objections to Animalism |
Paper - Cited |
Petrus - On Human Persons, 2003 |
Yes |
| Snowdon (Paul) |
The Self and Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited |
Shand (John) - Central Issues of Philosophy, Chapter 9 |
Yes |
| Steinhart (Eric) |
Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms |
Paper - Cited |
Biology and Philosophy, Volume 16, Number 1, January 2001, pp. 3-27(25). |
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments) |
Paper - Referencing |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection) |
Paper - Referencing |
|
Yes |
| Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Life After Death |
Paper - Referencing |
|
Yes |
| Tooley (Michael) |
Abortion and Infanticide |
Book - Cited |
Tooley (Michael) - Abortion and Infanticide |
2% |
| Unger (Peter) |
The Survival of the Sentient |
Paper - Cited |
Philosophical Perspectives, Vol. 14, Oct2000, p325, 24p |
Yes |
| Van Inwagen (Peter) & Zimmerman (Dean) |
Persons: Human and Divine |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
3% |
| Verny (Thomas), Kelly (John) |
The Secret Life of the Unborn Child |
Book - Cited |
Verny (Thomas), Kelly (John) - The Secret Life of the Unborn Child |
No |
| Walker (Robert) |
Mary And Jodie – The Case Of The Conjoined Twins |
Paper - Cited |
An address given by Sir Robert Walker, as he then was, to the Medico-Legal Society of Northern Ireland on 15 January 2002 |
Yes |
| Warnock (Mary) |
A Question of Life - The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology |
Book - Cited |
Warnock (Mary) - A Question of Life - The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology |
No |
| Wikipedia |
Abby and Brittany Hensel |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 15 March 2023 |
No |
| Wikipedia |
Blastocyst |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 May 2023 |
No |
| Wikipedia |
Conjoined Twins |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 15 March 2023 |
10% |
| Wikipedia |
Craniopagus Parasiticus |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 15 March 2023 |
No |
| Wikipedia |
Craniopagus Twins |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 18 July 2017 |
Yes |
| Wikipedia |
Dicephalic Parapagus Twins |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 15 March 2023 |
No |
| Wikipedia |
Diprosopus |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 15 March 2023 |
No |
| Wikipedia |
Embryo |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 19 March 2023 |
17% |
| Wikipedia |
Fetus |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 March 2023 |
17% |
| Wikipedia |
Polycephaly |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 15 March 2023 |
10% |
| Wikipedia |
Pre-embryo |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 May 2023 |
No |
| Wikipedia |
Zygote |
Paper - Cited |
Wikipedia; Extract taken 23 May 2023 |
No |
| Williams (Bernard) |
Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research |
Paper - Cited |
CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No? |
No |
| Wyatt (John) |
Matters of Life and Death |
Book - Cited |
Wyatt (John) - Matters of Life and Death |
13% |
| Zimmerman (Dean) |
Problems for Animalism |
Paper - Cited |
Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil) |
Yes |
Text Colour Conventions
- Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2023
- Mauve: Text by correspondent(s) or other author(s); © the author(s)