Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages
Personal Identity
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)
(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)
Abstract
- Any discussion of personal identity needs to give an account of what is going on in the various thought experiments that have been considered relevant to the topic.
- It’s also the area that’s most fun. Indeed, I think that the entire Thesis will be an exercise in inference to the best explanation of what’s going on in these thought experiments.
- Any theory of Personal Identity needs to account for our intuitions (if there is a universal response) or explain them away as confused.
- I will briefly consider the propriety of using thought experiments in this domain of enquiry, and then consider the usual suspects.
Research Methodology
- Follow this Link1 for a generic statement of how I intend to pursue each Chapter.
- The method is broken down into 16, possibly iterative, stages, some of which have sub-stages.
- Follow this Link2 for my progress dashboard on these tasks.
Chapter Introduction3
- In this chapter we will consider all the usual suspects, as itemised in the list of Notes and text below.
- This is a long Chapter, and starts with a general discussion of Thought Experiments4 – though further consideration will need to be given at the end of the Chapter in the light of the discussion of examples – because some philosophers maintain that our Concepts were not designed to work in situations far from those in which they were developed. This objection does – in this context – seem to suggest that questions of Personal Identity are merely Semantic rather than matters of fact. So, it’s worth giving the method a go, to test our Intuitions5 – though I think these should be modifiable in the light of this theoretical experience as well as well as guiding our interpretation of these TEs.
- The TE that I have found the most useful – and the first I came across – is Bernard Williams’s Future Great Pain Test6, as it forces us to take maybe glib intuitions seriously.
- It is to be noted that some – for instance Commissurotomy – are more actual experiments than thought-experiments, though quite a lot of armchair thinking is involved in working out their import. Consequently, I’ve made this distinction in the list below. We start with the ‘actuals’.
- Clones7 are relevant in distinguishing Identity from exact Similarity, and for confuting those who think that we are Information.
- This leads directly on to Fission8, including a natural example thereof, namely Twinning9, which may be a special case of Duplication10. This whole nexus is important to the Reduplication Objection11 to certain putative cases of persistence, where there is, or can be, more than one Survivor.
- Pregnancy and birth in placental mammals – as we discussed in Chapter 8 – might be described as Fusion12 (when the Zygote implants) followed by Fission (when the umbilical cord is cut).
- Organ Transplants13 are clear – though maybe not very exciting – examples of Fusion involving Human Animals, which nevertheless need to be given an account by Animalism.
- Otherwise, it is not clear whether there are any further naturally-occurring cases of Fusion relevant to personal Identity. The obvious possibilities are the pathological cases of conjoined twins covered by my Note on the extreme case of Dicephalus, though it’s unclear whether these are cases of incomplete Fission or incomplete Fusion.
- Finally under this discussion of ‘natural’ TEs are Psychopathological14 cases. I have a general Note on Clinical Observations15 to cover this area, with specific Notes on Commissurotomy16 and Multiple Personality Disorder17. Both are putatively examples of Fission on the Psychological View, but of little concern to Animalism. Multiple Personality Disorder might be better situated in Chapter 9 as a critique of the idea of an individuating First-Person Perspective.
- We then move to the various ‘artificial’ TEs, starting with Brain State Transfers18. Then come Brain Transplants19, which come in various forms. We need to distinguish Whole-Brain Transplants (WBTs) from single or double Cerebrum transplants, and these from brain-tissue transplants. Brain Transplants are vastly more difficult to perform than Head Transplants, which have allegedly been around the corner for some years. All these options are covered by the same Note but I have another on Brains in Vats which fall into the same general area.
- The above TEs maybe shade off into Siliconisation20, which is the gradual replacement of organic brain tissue by computer chips, though what can be deduced from such TEs without begging lots of questions is unclear.
- For a bit of light relief, I’ve added a general consideration of Dracula21, particularly of the various metamorphoses he’s supposed to be able to undergo.
- We then get to my favourite – Teletransportation22, which – at best – I take to be an example of Replication23 (which may be the same as Duplication, only more tendentiously-termed).
- Finally, I’ve added the hopes of Transhumanism24 as a coda to the Chapter, though it might be combined with the previous section. Transhumanism is a very wide topic, and is different to the other notions, in which we are and remain wholly organic. I’ve divided these hopes into those that are ‘nearby’ and those that are ‘far off’.
- The ‘nearby’ hopes include Chimeras25, which involves a kind of Fusion of animals of different species; either xenotransplants – which have been ‘actual’ for many decades – or the importation of human DNA into non-human animals for organ forming, or other reasons. The latter raise questions about the Ontological and Moral status of the DNA-recipients.
- The second case in this section is that of Cyborgs26, which have inorganic somatic augmentation; this may also be ‘actual’ to a limited degree, though not to the degree sought by the Transhumanists.
- Finally, we have the less imminent hopes – in particular Uploading27 to Computers28 – which I find very unlikely, and not even desirable. But if it turns out to be possible, we might end up as Androids29; just adding a robot body to a computer mind. If uploading turns out to be practically or metaphysically impossible, we might still have Androids completely discontinuous from human beings, though modelled on them.
Note Hierarchy
- Thought Experiments30
- Intuition31
- Future Great Pain Test32
- Principal Examples - Natural
- Clones33
- Fission34
- Fusion38
- Psychopathology42
- Principal Examples - Artificial
- Brain State Transfer46
- Brain Transplants47
- Siliconisation50
- Dracula51
- Teletransportation52
- Transhumanism54
- Nearby Hopes
- Far Off Hopes
Main Text
- Thought Experiments60
- In general, I’m in favour of using thought experiments in philosophy.
- However, I’d like to consider – following "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments" – whether some thought-experiments in pursuit of clarifying issues in personal identity
- Propose impossible scenarios,
- Trade on under-specification, or
- Put us in circumstances where our concepts61 no longer apply (or where we could no longer play the appropriate language-game using them – see "Gale (Richard) - On Some Pernicious Thought-Experiments").
- Sometimes our intuitions62 are unreliable as to the truth or possibility of what we intuit.
- Some doubt the possible phenomenal consciousness63 of artificial systems64, however complex, but is this anything other than a fallacious argument from personal incredulity?
- Descartes65 argued for the real distinction66 between mind67 and body68 by thinking he could imagine their separation, but could he really?
- Sometimes, our intuitions69 may give us no clue one way or the other, or only a gentle lead (as Williams seems to be suggesting in "Williams (Bernard) - The Self and the Future").
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Personal Identity and Brain Transplants" gives a helpful critique of Wilkes’s and Johnston’s (see "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings") arguments against thought experiments.
- "Wilson (Jack) - Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities" thinks that TEs should be avoided where possible, and real examples used. At least in actual circumstances we know that the situation is possible70 (“actual implies possible”), and we know, or can discover, all the background conditions.
- The trouble is that there may not be enough naturally-occurring situations, or practically or ethically available experimental circumstances, to provide the occasions to put maximum pressure on our concepts71.
- Then again, were our concepts72 designed to be put on the rack? What would their failure really tell us?
- The topic of Transhumanism73 is replete with TEs, given that the expected advances are yet to take place.
- Intuition74
- The topic of Philosophical Intuition is somewhat related to that of Thought Experiments75.
- I decided to give this topic its individual note in response to "Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) - Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality". Therein, Andy Clark has the strong intuition that we76 are “patterns in information space77”, and he specifically contrasts this with the “me, here, now, animal” intuition shared by animalists78 such as myself.
- There are – of course – arguments for animalism79. Are there corresponding arguments for Clark’s view, or is it a foundational belief, like belief in God has been said to be?
- Philosophical intuitions occur in all sorts of philosophical arguments. One central to my own concerns is the “brain transplant80 intuition” – that “we go where our brains go”. I’m not sure whether to share it or not.
- The primary source for this topic is probably "DePaul (Michael) & Ramsey (William) - Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry".
- Future Great Pain Test81
- This is a test invented by Bernard Williams in "Williams (Bernard) - The Self and the Future" though the actual terminology seems to be due to Peter Unger.
- It is a means of teasing out whether or not we really think – either by Intuition82 or through some convoluted reasoning – that we will be some future individual83. It is cashed out in terms of the prospect of “being mercilessly tortured in the morning”.
- If we think that the unfortunate individual will be us, our attitude will be qualitatively different to if we think it will be someone else (though maybe there are exceptions – mothers and their children, maybe – but even there, it may depend on what is to happen – reference Winston Smith and the rats in Room 101 in 1984 – Wikipedia: Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four - Room 101).
- Of course, while this may tease out what we think will be the case in any situation, this doesn’t imply that it will be the case. Lots of people think that teletransportation84, were it to be technically feasible, would be a form of travel, rather than death85 and duplication86. I happen to think their view mistaken. But it either is or isn’t irrespective of anyone’s view. If I was forced to go through the procedure and found my First Person Perspective87 persisted – as only I could know – I’d change my mind, and my philosophy of PID.
- In my view, this is important when alloyed to the FPP88 in rebuffing Parfit89’s view that identity doesn’t matter90 in survival91.
- Principal Examples - Natural
- Clones92
- We need to contrast two forms of cloning:-
- The metaphysical possibility of atom-by-atom cloning.
- Biological cloning which uses existing structures, and interferes unnaturally in a fairly minor way.
- I am not concerned (as far as my thesis goes) with the medical ethics of biological cloning. There is never any suggestion that clones in this sense are logically identical, any more than so-called identical twins are.
- That said, there is something of a link – in the metaphysics, if not the ethics – with a critique of Parfit93’s “identity doesn’t matter” account of personal identity.
- Since my clone has my (innate) properties and capacities, Parfit might think I have all that matters (or much of what matters) to me if my clone, rather than I myself, survives and I do not.
- The following papers seem to follow this approach:-
→ "Agar (Nicholas) - Cloning and Identity", and
→ "Brennan (Andrew) - Survival"
- In particular, the paper by Andrew Brennan suggests that persons might be types rather than tokens which – while an interesting proposal – is about as far from the truth as you can get. Tokens suffer, types do not, qua types. One token of the same type may be luxuriating while another is being tortured.
- What I am interested in is whether atom-by-atom cloning (where the original exemplar is destroyed) can ever preserve identity94. Because of the logical possibility of the non-destruction of the “original”, I take it that it cannot. This argument depends on modal logic95 – and the rejection of the possibility of contingent identity96. For further discussion, see under Teletransportation97.
- We may also need to discuss causality98 to further explain why identity is not preserved. This is particularly the case when discussing Dean Zimmerman’s Falling Elevator model of resurrection99, where – it is supposed – there is a causal connection between the expiring body100 and its clone in the next world.
- Is it agreed that this is indeed a clone, as it seems to be, or …
- Is this body supposed to be the same body, created by supernatural processes by immanent causation – albeit across space and maybe other dimensions – much as a body at one time is self-identical to a body at a later time by natural metabolic processes?
- This would imply – in the absence of perdurantism101 – the non-identity of the living organism102 and the post-mortem corpse103.
- See "Hershenov (David) - Van Inwagen, Zimmerman, and the Materialist Conception of Resurrection" for the argument that Zimmerman’s resurrected body is a duplicate104.
- For Zimmerman’s arguments, see:-
→ "Zimmerman (Dean) - The Compatibility of Materialism and Survival: The “Falling Elevator” Model", and
→ "Zimmerman (Dean) - Bodily Resurrection: The Falling Elevator Model Revisited".
- The very term ‘Cloning’ seems to deny the possibility of the logical identity of an original and its clone. It implies that there are two things – the original and the clone – and two things can never be one thing, so cannot be logically identical105.
- Fission106
- Fission is important in the philosophy of identity – especially of personal identity – in that it provides many thought-experiments107 (TEs), and some real-life examples, that test out the various theories.
- The paradigm case of Fission is of two half-brain108 transplants109.
- It is difficult to consider this case without slipping into the “psychological view110”. Each hemisphere seems to preserve what matters111 to the fissioned individual112, and a perdurantist113 account can maintain identity114 after fission.
- An alternative account is to claim that the two half-brains115 always were separate persons116 (and Roland Puccetti has maintained that they are separate persons, in all of us, even prior to the commissurotomy117 in this TE and in everyday life), in a way slightly different from the usual Lewis118 view of non-identical spatially-coincident119 individuals120 (because the hemispheres aren’t spatially coincident, though the shared body121 is).
- We need to consider how the original person122 was unified123. We can press the realism of the thought experiment124 by asking how important are the spinal cord and Peripheral Nervous System generally to the psychological125 integrity of the human organism126? The case of dicephalus127 twins may be relevant – where the functions of walking and even typing seem to be carried out perfectly adequately despite the coordinated limbs being controlled by different brains128.
- We also need to consider whether the two half-brains129 continue to constitute a single scattered130 person131, just parked in separate bodies132. A single embodiment is important because it ensures synchronisation of experience, and external communication between the hemispheres (in the absence of the usual internal communication across the corpus callosum). Presumably, this could be achieved in other ways.
- We can – as in "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?" – imagine a Brain in a Vat133 linked by radio transmitters/receivers to a remote body134.
- The brain135 is part of the body136 – so a single physical thing can be spatially discontinuous.
- Why, if A fissions into B and C, can’t we consider B & C to be parts of the same person?
- They could fight / argue … but so can someone in two minds137 about things.
- What if one killed the other?
- They would have different perceptual experiences, but so (presumably) does a chameleon, with its eyes pointing in different directions (and sheep and other herbivores, and fish, with eyes on the sides of their heads).
- I need to consider in detail what is supposed to be going on in fission – ie. press the original thought experiment138: there needs to be segregation / redundancy prior to separation – this can happen over time (or we would have plain duplication139). At some point the person will split into two, with incommunicable consciousnesses140 (cf. Locke141’s day-person and night-person).
- Duplication142
- Duplicate objects are – to use the definition in "Sider (Ted) - Naturalness, Intrinsicality, and Duplication" – “exactly similar, considered as they are in themselves”. That said, it misses off the question “which is the original?”. A “duplicate” is – by implication – a copy of the original. I don’t think there’s the same implication in the term “double”, though saying that person X is person Y’s “double” – while it doesn’t imply precedence of one over the other – doesn’t even imply exact similarlity143 – just that one might be mistaken for the other (and maybe not even that, quite).
- There is considerable overlap between this topic and two other topics:-
- Replication144, which is really the same thing (though not restricted to a mere doubling), and
- Reduplication Objections145
- The motivation for this discussion – and those above – comes mainly from the above (Re-)duplication objections – where some putative change appears to preserve identity, but cannot for logical reasons146.
- In Teletransportation147, something distinguishes the forward going psychological continuity148 of the original and the initial backward-looking psychological discontinuity of the duplicate, but I don’t know what it is. Handwavingly, it’s the “wrong sort of causal chain149”, and it’s this causal-chain failure that defeats such Thought Experiments150.
- If I were to accept Lewis’s perdurantist151 thesis, the straightforward objection to the identification of the duplicate with the original is undermined – they simply share stages. However, there are still causal chain152 problems to address, and those of physical continuity153.
- While cloning154 falls under this head, there is no identity155 preservation, even under a perdurantist156 thesis, as there are no shared stages, just shared genetic material.
- Also, philosophical Zombies157 are supposed to be physical duplicates of their conscious158 analogues. But this is a TE that cannot really be conceived of.
- Twinning159
- There are two forms of twinning:-
- Dizygotic twinning ("Wikipedia - Dizygotic (fraternal) twins"), wherein two separately-fertilized eggs simultaneously develop (to term), is uninteresting from the perspective of my Thesis.
- Monozygotic Twinning ("Wikipedia - Monozygotic (identical) twins") wherein a single fertilised egg splits into two separately-developing fetuses160 is a special case of Fission161.
- Monozygotic Twinning is an important factor – modally162 even when there is no twinning in fact – in the topic of Personal Identity.
- The possibility of monozygotic twinning is said to be the reason why no existing individual163 can be numerically identical to an earlier zygote164:-
- A zygote is capable of fissioning into two qualitatively identical, but numerically distinct daughter zygotes.
- So, a particular zygote has the modal property of developing into two monozygotic twins.
- Given that it cannot be identical to both of them – see the Logic of Identity165 – it cannot be identical to either (given that they are exactly similar there is no reason why one should be its closest continuer166 rather than the other).
- Conjoined-twinning would appear to be a case of fusion167 (maybe with prior fission168). This case is also be touched on in the discussion of Dicephalus169, which is the most extreme case of conjoined twinning.
- Reduplication Objections170
- The problem of reduplication relates to a systematic problem in the logic of identity171, that of fission172, whether actual or potential.
- I have another Note in this general area, that of Replication173. Is this the same issue? The latter Note will deal with what Replication is and how it differs from Identity, while this Note will deal with the problems it causes for potential solutions to the problem of Personal Identity.
- So, this Note is about an objection. An objection to what?
- The case is probably best put in "Seibt (Johanna) - Fission, Sameness, and Survival: Parfit’s Branch Line Argument Revisited". Reduplication objections arise in various Thought Experiments174, especially:-
- Teletransportation175: you couldn’t survive because either the information176 can be used multiple times, or the original “you” might be left behind (the “Branch-line” case).
- Brain-state Transfers177: you cannot be the mental contents178 of your brain179, because they could be copied onto multiple “wiped” recipient-brains. This might seem to defeat the Psychological View180.
- Cerebrum Transplants181: You cannot be a brain182, because idempotent cerebra183 (or maybe half-brains) could be donated to two recipients, who would have equal claims to be your closest psychological continuer184.
- These responses to the TEs185 argue that we would not survive186 certain the vicissitudes in question. The force of these objections rests on the logic187 of identity as classically understood.
- Joanna Seibt herself thinks that Reduplication objections – in particular the “Branch Line cases” – “entail according to Parfit188 a conceptual distinction between the notion of identity189 and the notion of survival190”.
- As noted elsewhere, I hope this is a misunderstanding of Parfit. What he ought to be saying – and probably is – is that we can have most of what we want191 from survival without surviving192. Because you - that very individual193 – don’t survive unless you are the very same individual pre- and post- whatever contingency is under consideration.
- Reduplication objections also arise in the abortion194 debate, and the argument over when “we” – assumed to be human animals195 – begin196. The reduplication objection implies that this cannot be before the possibility of twinning197 is past.
- All these Reduplication objections are – I think – fully answered by adopting Perdurantism198, though there might be other objections to the stances adopted.
- Fusion199
- Like Fission200, though to a lesser degree, Fusion is important in the philosophy of identity – especially of personal identity – in that it provides many Thought Experiments201 (TEs), and some real-life examples, that test out the various theories.
- We need to consider the merger of the two psychologies202: Parfit thinks we might like to inherit some of the better characteristics203 of our partner, as in a marriage – but the creation of a single consciousness204 from two seems difficult to conceive of (much more so than the creation of two consciousnesses from one, as in fission205). Do we end up with a single first-person perspective206, or with two? This needs to be related to multiple personality disorder207.
- Also, consider Parfit208’s seasonal people that alternately fission209 and fuse. How conceivable are these TEs210?
- We also need to consider physical as well as psychological fusions, as in the case of the dicephalus211 and brain transplants212. These are in any case easier to imagine – or to think we can imagine – and apply to real and hypothetical cases.
- A non-pathological case of fusion – also discussed under Pregnancy213 and Chimera214 – is that of the very early fusion of non-identical twin215 embryos216. Then, the adult may contain cells with different genotypes, which would normally have ended up as two individuals217. Things get slightly odd when the twins218 were of different sexes as the organs can develop from one or the other (or both). There’s also the normal case where ‘foreign’ cells (mostly red blood cells) wander across the placenta and end up in the body of either the mother or the fetus219. All this is covered in "Ball (Philip) - How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life", pp. 81-5.
- Transplants220
- From the standpoint of Personal Identity, the most significant transplants are Brain Transplants221. While the transplantation of cerebrums222 and larger brain223-parts, including WBTs224 will be covered elsewhere, here we should cover Thought Experiments225 involving smaller brain-tissue transplants, which are supposed to transfer psychological226 elements from one person227 to another and not identity as such.
- In the context of animalism228, however – where it is said (by Olson229) that the brain230 is just another organ – there is less reason for Brain Transplants to receive centre-stage. Some animalists231 resist the “Transplant Intuition” – which is that “we go where our brains go”, but I will discuss that when discussing Brain Transplants.
- But, the animalist must still consider whether an organism232 can survive233 the transplant of “lesser” organs, and which – if any – transplants it cannot survive. We certainly accept that major-organ transplants – and even a complex of organs such as heart/lungs – preserve the Human Animal234 (and person235).
- Are there any limits beyond which we cannot go? Do we have to allow for a case of fusion236 in extreme circumstances? Is there a “core” of the animal237 that preserves identity while peripheral organs are swapped out?
- What about inorganic transplants? Is the Human Animal238 preserved, and does it incorporate the transplanted organs, or are they useful appendages (like clothes) that are external to it? Alternatively, do we then have a cyborg239? What about implants that affect our mentation240?
- I can’t delve far into the ethics of transplantation, but only the metaphysics thereof. That said, I’ve read, enjoyed and briefly commented on "Ishiguro (Kazuo) - Never Let Me Go".
- Psychopathology241
- Psychopathological cases are useful as real-life Thought Experiments242 for teasing out issues in the topic of personal identity, as in psychology243 generally, though it’s strictly-speaking of more interest to those espousing varieties of the Psychological View244 than to animalists245 like myself.
- The underlying assumption is that pathological cases have lessons for the general non-pathological case. It is only when a hidden process goes wrong that we get clues as to how it works.
- It is somewhat moot – though maybe not hugely relevant to my concerns – just what conditions count as pathological. Not everyone agrees that the latest edition of DSM246 has it right, as many social and political factors enter into the choices.
- The topic of aphasia – loss of the ability to speak – is of particular interest given the inclusion of language247 as a defining characteristic of persons248 – on some accounts.
- The same might be said of deficits of memory249 or of sense of self250 (autism).
- Clinical Observations251
- Clinical observations may be a better guides than Thought Experiments252 (TEs) as test cases for our theories of personal identity, because at least we know they represent a real possibility.
- One of the main objections to TEs is that they are underspecified and confused.
- However, even with actual clinical observation, we still have the trouble of the correct interpretation of the clinical data, which affects the conclusions we can draw from it.
- See "Wegner (Daniel) - The Illusion of Conscious Will" for the sort of controversy that arises in these circumstances. Briefly, B. Libet’s experiments supposedly revealing that we act before the experience of willing the action can be variously interpreted.
- Examples of relevant clinical cases are
- Commissurotomy patients253 and
- Those with Multiple Personality Disorder254 (MPD).
Is a commissurotomy or MPD patient “home to” one or two Persons255?
- I will argue elsewhere that PATIENT – like PERSON256 – is a Phase Sortal257 of the Ultimate Sortal258 HUMAN BEING259.
- One Human Being260 can simultaneously be multiple patients (dental and chiropody, for instance), or a multiply-enrolled student.
- Does this situation mirror those of our more seriously damaged human beings?
- One thing can’t be two things (in the sense of “be identical to”), even if the two things are of a different kind261 to the one thing.
- The logic of identity262 would force the “two” things to be identical.
- But the Phase Sortal263 approach doesn’t force this violation of logic, so could a human being with split personality literally be the home of two, or three, or seven different thinking beings? (Wilkes, presumably in "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments").
- I’m inclined to say “yes”, but what impact does that have on Animalism264?
- Commissurotomy265
- A commissurotomy involves cutting the corpus callosum, the bundle of nerve fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres266 of the brain267. The procedure is used to treat epilepsy, but is invoked by philosophers as a Thought Experiment268 (TE) to provide an alleged real-life example of Fission269. The real-life situation usually has to be improved upon to overcome the laterality of the brain, and the two hemispheres are assumed to be idempotent, with nothing of philosophical significance alleged to ride on this idealisation.
- As with all TEs270, what we can learn from this one depends on our level of description of what is supposed to be going on. The idea is that each hemisphere fully supports the mental life of the subject(s), and consequently that there are, or can come to be, multiple subjects (Selves271) – and hence multiple persons272 – within the same human animal273.
- Commissurotomy is therefore used as an objection274 to animalism275. Some philosophers argue that (for modal276 reasons) there are always two Persons277 within the same Human Being278.
- Clearly, this is not obviously the case in the normal asymmetric brain279. See, no doubt, "Kinsbourne (Marcel) - Asymmetrical Function of the Brain", though this is rather an old book. So, in these Thought Experiments280 – and prior to this idealised idempotency – there has to be a period of equalisation and duplication281 of function. This sounds like it would lead to causal over-determination, but maybe the way it could be described is as with fault-tolerant computer282 systems, so that one hemisphere always takes the lead (or maybe they alternate) – in fact, this is said to be the case with marine mammals, to enable them to sleep283 without drowning: see, for instance, "Hecker (Bruce) - How do Whales and Dolphins Sleep Without Drowning?". The non-dominant hemisphere is just kept up to date – either continuously or periodically – with whatever data and current state is represented in the dominant hemisphere. In such a situation, there are already – prior to the commissurotomy – two exactly similar (other than that they are mirror images of one another) but non-identical half-brains284.
- Of course, the last sentence above begs some questions. It is only the cerebral hemispheres285 that are separated and duplicated286 – but they are still physically connected via the brain-stem – even if the logical connections are greatly reduced. It is said – see "Rosen (Victoria) - One Brain. Two Minds? Many Questions" and the references therein, which summarises the controversy between Yair Pinto and Michael S. Gazzaniga – that severed hemispheres can still communicate with one another via cues passed externally to the brain287. Indeed, the case of the dicephalus288 suggests that this co-ordination is possible with two complete brains, where the hands can be coordinated to drive a car and even type, despite being controlled by different brains.
- A recent paper – "Pinto (Yair) - When you split the brain, do you split the person?" – has suggested that the research for which Sperry received a Nobel Prize has not been replicated289 – in the case of two patients – and that this raises questions about the nature of consciousness290. I have my doubts. Might the corpus collosum not have been entirely severed in these cases, or might one of the above situations apply? Rosen claims that Yair Pinto thinks that other fibers are involved.
- Multiple Personality Disorder291
- MPD – otherwise known as Dissociative Identity Disorder – is a condition traditionally viewed as psychopathological292, to be treated by therapy, though there are dissenting views. It occurs where a Human Being293 is, or appears to be, “home” to more than one Person294, or at least more than one Personality295.
- These Persons296 / Personalities297 may be radically dissimilar, and are (as the alternative designation implies) dissociated from one another. They can be like Locke298’s night and day man “incommunicable consciousnesses299”, unaware of one another’s existence – hence being in Lockean300terms different Persons301; or, they can be aware of one another, but as of distinct Persons302.
- No doubt one could complain that the clinically303-recorded cases are exaggerated, fabrications or otherwise unreliable. But there seems nothing wrong with them as TEs304, and ones least open to cavil given their approximation to reality.
- Effectively, we are supposed to have a Brain305 running more than one “Mind306-program” (on the “mind-as-software” approach); or a brain segregated into more than virtual machine (on the “mind as hardware”) approach to the mind-brain relationship.
- MPDs pose no problems to those espousing the Psychological View307 of Personal Identity – other than ethical issues concerning “therapeutic” suppression or unification of the alleged multiple Persons308 (see "Shoemaker (David) - Moral Issues at the End of Life"), but what is the response of the Constitution View309? Can we have more than one Person310 – with more than one First Person Perspective311 – constituted by the same human Body312? Animalism313 ignores psychological314 factors altogether as far as identity is concerned, so won’t be troubled.
Principal Examples - Artificial
- Brain State Transfer315
- The idea behind a Brain State Transfer is that we can – at least in principle as a Thought Experiment316 – copy the Information317 from a Brain318 to a backup device and then restore it to another (or the same) brain – as in "Williams (Bernard) - The Self and the Future" – without changing the identity of that brain.
- This seems fanciful to me, as I’m sure it does to most people not enticed by Transhumanism319, but seems to be a natural Intuition320 to them.
- My scepticism is partly because I am antipathetic to functionalism321. The Information322 stored in Brains323 appears to be in highly distributed representations along connectionist lines rather than according to classical AI. The very physical structure and topology of the brain changes along with what it represents. There is no simple software / hardware distinction in a realistic Psychology324 of Human Beings325. Of course, even in a digital Computer326 there are physical changes to the various gates and storage media. But there is no growing or disassembling of connections.
- Consequently, this is a case of an under-specified TE327 that Kathleen Wilkes so objects to. When we try to flesh out the details, we find that the TE doesn’t really work. Any backup will need to be molecule by molecule to retain the informational richness of the original, and consequently any restore will not really simply modify the existing brain, but will destroy it and replace it with a replica328 of the brain whose contents are supposedly being transferred. It will not simply feed information329 into a pre-existing brain.
- Hence, I now think that Bernard Williams’s intuitions330 about the post-transfer A-body-person remaining a “mixed up” A-person are incorrect. Nor does A-body-person end up as B, but as a fusion331 of a replica332 of B’s brain333 and A’s body334. The situation is best described as a transplant335 of (maybe only part of) a replica of B’s brain into A-body-person’s head. A-body-person may end up confused, but only because – it seems to him – he’s obtained a new body.
- Of course, this TE336 retains all the difficulties associated with Brain Transplants337. A particular brain338 is wired up to control a particular body339, and won’t work adequately with a new one.
- Note that “uploading”340 differs from – and builds on – BSTs because it requires the person341’s psychology342 and phenomenal consciousness343 to be realised (I would say merely simulated) on a digital computer344, making a two-phase project, whereas BSTs – superficially at least – just require the copying phase.
- Brain Transplants345
- Brain Transplants, even if currently technically infeasible, are considered to be important Thought Experiments346 in the philosophy of Personal Identity. They seem to give the same answer to both the holders of the Psychological Continuity347 View and the Bodily Continuity348 View of what ensures the persistence349 of the person across time. Both say that the Person350 goes where the Brain351 goes.
- This assumption is the “Transplant Intuition”. However, some animalists352 (say they) fail to share this intuition. They (Eric Olson for instance) consider the Brain353 to be “just another organ”, albeit a very important one. I find this counter-intuitive354.
- In evaluating these claims it is important to understand just how the Brain355 works, so that we can determine just how fanciful our TEs356 are. I will discuss this under the Note on the Brain357. An assumption I make is that as we are interested in the question What We Are358, it is important to be empirically accurate.
- Note that there are three conceptually distinct versions of the idea of a brain transplant359.
- The first is a Whole Brain Transplant (WBT), though it becomes somewhat arbitrary quite where the brain360 is supposed to terminate – ie. just how much of the Spinal Cord is included. I include “head transplants” in this category. Note that these might otherwise described as “Body361 Transplants”. Both descriptions are tendentious and theory-laden.
- The second is the Cerebrum362 Transplant (single or double).
- Finally, there’s a “Brain Tissue” transplant, presumably with the intention of transferring particular psychological363 properties364.
- It might be objected that the TEs365 of WBTs are under-specified. A lot of motor-control is delegated to the non-brain parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS); apart from the brain, the CNS is, mostly, the spinal cord (see "Wikipedia - Central Nervous System"). To ensure motor-control, the brain and the CNS – and even the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) need to work in tandem. The PNS consists in those elements of the nervous system other than the brain and the spinal cord (see "Wikipedia - Peripheral nervous system"). Yet a transfer of the entire CNS - which includes the spinal cord, let alone the PNS – which includes all the peripheral nerve endings (both sensory and motor) – stretches credulity somewhat.
- We need to consider just what the TEs366 are supposed to prove, and just why we sometimes consider WBTs rather than just Cerebrum367 transfers. I presume the preference for WBTs may stem from the presumed assurance that the seat of consciousness368 is transferred, which might not be the case if only a cerebrum or two are transferred.
- It may be we don’t care too much whether the recipient of the transferred brain is fully functional – though if we want assurance that this individual is an animal369, we might want the regulatory functions of the brain370 to remain intact. But whatever brain parts perform these tasks, provided the resultant individual has a full brain, however cobbled together, we might have what we want if the wiring problem can be solved.
- A Whole Brain Transplant might better be described as a maximal body transplant, while it is much less clear what’s going on in a Cerebrum371 Transplant. The latter are useful for cases of fission372 (with the added assumption of the idempotency of the two hemispheres), but it’s not fully clear just what psychological373 functions are left behind in this case. Because not all regulatory functions are in the cerebra374, it’s more difficult to argue that the human animal375 is transplanted with one or more cerebra376 than it is with a WBT.
- I’ve not heard of anyone arguing for animal fission377 by a fission of the whole brain378, but maybe they have. I suppose the simplest case of Animal Fission would be the separation of Dicephalus379 twins, taken (rather implausibly) to be a single Animal380 with two heads. But this case might better be described as two animals sharing parts, which are then apportioned in the process of achieving separation.
- Siliconisation381
- “Siliconisation” is a name – there may be others – for Thought Experiments382 involving the gradual replacement of neural tissue by silicon computer383 chips.
- An example is Peter Unger’s “zippering”. Unfortunately, I can’t find the reference for this, so it is possible I’ve either misremembered the term, or forgotten the author. Unger does discuss the gradual replacement of neurons by silicon in pp. 122-123 of "Unger (Peter) - The Physical Approach To Our Survival", but I couldn’t see the term used there.
- Anyway, this is a subtle argument. We don’t – of course – know whether this TE384 is metaphysically385 possible386. We don’t know whether silicon can sustain consciousness387, though functionalists388 assume that it can. Gradually, it is said, we no longer have a human animal389, but one that will – behaviourally at least – will be indistinguishable from one.
- I think the situation is best viewed as an increasingly mutilated human animal390 with an ever-growing prosthesis. The term for such is a “Cyborg391”.
- I doubt that the silicon would maintain phenomenal consciousness392, but just be a “zombie393” simulacrum.
- Any replacement that would maintain phenomenal consciousness394 would be indistinguishable from natural part-replacement. But I think this is a contingent, empirical matter, a long way off from an answer.
- A question I’ve considered is whether siliconization would preserve the First Person Perspective395, irrespective of whether it impacts on consciousness396.
- I just note here that “silicon” is used as a proxy for any non-carbon-based intelligence397. Germanium, or Qubits might do as well (or better), though quantum398-computing399 might change the game somewhat.
- Dracula400
- Count Dracula is only a Fiction401, but the vicissitudes he is supposed to be able to survive may be worth some brief considerations to determine whether they are metaphysically possible – or even make logical sense.
- I have no great interest in what supposedly causes vampirism – whether it’s a virus or whatever, nor on how it’s passed on. Nor do I care about Dracula’s abilities to climb walls or fly through the air. Nor about his supposed aversion to garlic or crucifixes.
- However, the vampire is supposed to only maintain his Existence402 by drinking blood – preferably human, but animal blood – particularly of rats – will do at a pinch. I presume there’s some refection of ancient ideas that ‘the Life403 – or Soul404 – is in the blood’, which was not to be eaten.
- Dracula is described as ‘undead’. That is – he has died at some point – in fact at many points in later retellings in order to keep the sequels running – but is neither claimed to be alive nor dead. We might reflect on how such an idea squares with our normal ideas of what Life405 and Death406 are.
- The fictional claims that really interest me relate to Dracula’s Metamorphoses407. The first question is what he ‘really’ looks like. In the book, and film thereof, Dracula in has castle looks as you might expect someone over 400 years old to look. But when he appears in public, he looks young and handsome. Then – in the dénouement – when he is mortally wounded in the guise of his ancient self – he reverts to his youthful self in response to Mina’s kiss, after which he is ‘released’ by beheading. A question is – is he metamorphosing, or supposed to be influencing the vision of his beholders? As the latter would be needlessly complicated in busy London streets, I assume the former, especially as he is supposed to transform himself otherwise. Enough to say there’s nothing metaphysically problematical about such identity-preserving Metamorphosis408, as it’s presumably ‘just’ a rearrangement of Matter409, with some need for an energy source to effect the same. One needn’t worry about the details.
- The more interesting metamorphoses involve Dracula’s supposed Metamorphosis410 into a large dog-like animal on leaving the ship at Whitby, and into a mist, into bats, and rats.
- Transformation into a dog (and back) would be a trans-species Metamorphosis411. I’ve not much special to add here. If Dracula still falls under the Natural Kind412 concept Human Being413, and the natural kind is an essential property of the Individual414, then he would cease to exist as the dog, but – if Intermittent Existence415 is allowed – might subsequently ‘exist again’. The same might apply to the other transformations.
- It is supposed that Dracula transforms himself into many bats (or rats). Bats and rats are much of a muchness. The interesting common feature is the one-to-many ratio. If Dracula cannot survive – logically speaking – Metamorphosis416 into a dog, he certainly can’t survive transformation into a single rat or bat, let alone many of them. Each rat – we may suppose – is an independent sentient being. Can they collectively constitute another being? Would this ‘distributed’ being be an Individual417? Are we to suppose Dracula to be conscious in this state? It is true that Organisms418 are constituted by a multitude of cells, but these cells aren’t independent beings. More could be said – maybe along the lines of Societies419.
- Transformation into a mist is very odd. Presumably this is disassembly into microscopic constituent parts. Can an Organism420 – as distinct from a bicycle – survive such an adventure? "Olson (Eric) - Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave" thinks not. Would he cease to exist in the interim or exist as a Scattered Object421?
- It’s not in the book, but – at least in Hammer Horror – human blood dropped onto his ashes allows Dracula to regenerate. This would seem to be an example of Resurrection422. At least there’s some physical Continuity423 mediated by the ashes.
- Teletransportation424
Original Case Study - “Beam me up Scottie”
- There are two obvious supposed mechanisms for teletransportation:
- Transferring both matter and information; or simply
- Transferring information, utilising local matter.
- I gather that in the Star Trek series itself, it's plasma that's transmitted, but as this is unlikely to get to its destination without causing havoc, the information-only transfer is more reasonable. However, even in the plasma-transfer case, I'm unconvinced that I'd survive425, for two reasons:
- Some things (eg. bicycles, and analogous artifacts426) can survive disassembly and re-assembly, but only if they are disassembled into recognisable parts. If a bicycle is disassembled into iron filings and latex goo, and then re-manufactured, we might be reluctant to say it's the same bicycle.
- As a matter of empirical fact, fundamental particles are not distinguishable, so the labelling cannot be undertaken even in principle. If it doesn't matter which particle fits where, provided they are of the right sort, the case seems to collapse into the information-transfer variant. On consideration, I’m not 100% confident on this point. In any case, since we are biological organisms427, the particular atoms that make us up aren’t important, provided they are replaced gradually, and the structure is maintained.
- We now turn to the information-transfer case. My main worries initially here have to do with the possibility of duplicates428. We all know that a counterfeit, however well done, isn't the same as the original. The logic of identity429 is constraining. A thing is identical to itself and to nothing else, so if a thing is identical to two "other" things, these "two" must be identical to one another. Given that my two beamed-up versions aren't identical to one another, at least one of them can't be identical to me. And, since they are exactly similar430, why choose one rather than the other? So, neither is me. Both are exactly similar431 to me, but identity is to be distinguished from exact similarity. This situation is comparable to the case where the "original" human being isn't destroyed. This sort of thought experiment432 is referred to as the “Branch-line Case”: see section 75 in "Parfit (Derek) - What We Believe Ourselves To Be", in "Parfit (Derek) - Reasons and Persons". Canonically, it's where I've only a few days left to live (because the scanner has done me a mischief). Would I be happy in the knowledge that my duplicate433 would go on and on, and take up with my partner and career where I left off? Is this as good as if I survived? Not likely, unless we’re Parfitian434 saints! Note, however, that the case is tendentiously described (ie. as teletransportation) to lead to this seemingly obvious conclusion that this is a form of transport. Note that the technology is described tendentiously with the opposite intuition as “Telecloning” in "Dennett (Daniel) - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul: Introduction". The "main line" candidate would be perfectly happy that his rival back home was about to perish.
- Philosophers split into two main camps in response to these situations (though - jumping ahead a little - even if perdurantism435 is true, we still might not have the teletransportation of a persisting436 individual437, because of the wrong sort of causal438 link leading to a lack of forward continuity439 of consciousness440, or even of physical continuity). So there are multiple bifurcations, but we keep things simple here and just follow those who think that I either survive441 or have what matters442 in survival:-
- 4-dimensionalists (Perdurantists443): A thing is really a 4-dimensional worm through space-time, which consists in a set of instantaneous 3-D stages. In this situation, where multiple teletransportations occur, all copies are me. They are different 4-D worms, but they share all their pre-beaming-up stages. There were always at least 2 people present.
- 3-dimensionalists (Endurantists444) claim that while I'm not identical to the beamed-up person, yet I have what matters445 in survival446.
- Note that there's a modal447 argument to the effect that even in the usual case where only one copy is beamed up, and the original is destroyed, because there might have been multiple copies, this means that identity isn't preserved even in the case where there's only one teletransportation-result created. This seems to lead to paradox. Imagine the situation - I'm beamed up and think I've survived448, and am then told that the machine has malfunctioned and produced a duplicate449, and hence, contrary to my experience, I haven't survived after all! Unfortunately, some philosophers go along with a "closest continuer450" theory of identity across nasty cases of fission451 or fusion452. I'm identical to (or even “survive as453”) the continuer that most closely continues me, either psychologically454 or physically455, according to taste. How can my survival depend on what happens to someone else, the thought goes? See the “Only 'X' and 'Y' Principle456”. While this does seem odd, in fact you can’t trust the feelings of the teletransportees – for even if multiple copies are made, they all subjectively feel like the original.
- There are two questions outstanding.
- Do I survive the transfer? And, if I don’t,
- Does it matter that I'm not identical to the post-beamed person?
I’m here ignoring the (as it seems to me) illogical “survival457 without identity” option.
- We have seen that it is possible that it appears to me that I survive, yet I do not. On the endurantist458 view, the logic of identity459 means that I cannot trust my experience. So, it seems possible that the person “waking up” is not me. I never wake up – in the sense that I lose consciousness, but never experience a re-awakening - but someone else with my past in his memories is created in my stead.
- So, is survival460 itself what matters461? Well, on the perdurantist462 view, survival is not even sufficient for me to have what matters in the sense Parfit463 intends. Imagine the case where the machine goes haywire and 1,000 exactly similar teletransportees are created. All these share my pre-teletransportation stages, so are all me (except that “I” was always 1,000 co-located individuals – and maybe more – who knows how often the machine may go wrong in the future!). In this case 1,000 individuals would be squabbling over the same friends, relations, job etc, and that might be rather a nuisance, and it seems that I wouldn’t really have what most matters to me, though no doubt I would be able to rebuild my life from scratch. However, this isn't fundamental to whether I do or don't survive, and it seem that what really matters to me is survival itself. If I'm a violin virtuoso or a body-builder, I might not find it much fun surviving as a brain in a vat464, but that would just be tough. The standard philosophical test is the "future great pain test465". I believe that the future continuant will be me, whether I like it or not, if I'm as terrified of that continuant being tortured as I would be if I were to be tortured in the normal course of events. Our BIVs466 would be even more upset at the prospect of torture-simulation being fed into their brains than at the loss of their beautiful bodies. Our fears have to be moderated by logic, however. But this is no worse than ignoring a revivalist rant on Hellfire. If I’m not identical to a particular teletransportatee, I won’t survive467, and if I don’t survive468 I won’t feel anything. I may have a moral obligation not to land others in a pickle, but it won’t be the selfish problem of avoiding landing myself in one.
- I can imagine fissioning469, by the bungled-beaming-up process, into 1,000 continuants, none of which (on a 3-D view) is identical to me, but all of whom seem to themselves to continue my first-person perspective470. I can imagine (just about) going into the machine, and coming out again 1,000 times (when the life-histories of the 1,000 then start to diverge). While the psychologies of the 1,000 are initially identical, they are not connected to one another, though they are each connected continuously to the pre-beamed-up person. So, if even one of them were to be threatened with torture, I'd be terrified if I thought that that one (even amongst all the others) would be me, in the sense that my experience continues into that body.
- But, do I survive471? I don't think I do, for reasons given above. It’s not that I reject perdurantism472, it’s just that even accepting perdurantism there’s too radical a discontinuity. It's clear that a duplicate473, looking backwards, wouldn't be able to tell apart the situation from the normal one of (say) just having woken up after a dreamless sleep. However, I imagine it's possible (even in a supposedly successful teletransportation) for – moving forward474 – there to be nothing it's like for me after the beaming - it's as though I never woke up, though someone else woke up thinking he was me. This would be a tragedy but, we'd never know about it, because (on this hypothesis) I wouldn't be around to tell the tale, and my duplicate475 would claim everything was fine (he remembered going to bed and waking up, as it were).
- This worries me slightly about our every-night bouts of unconsciousness. How do I know that “the me” that wakes up is “the same me” that went to sleep, and would it matter if it wasn't? Was my mother right in saying “it’ll be all right in the morning”, in the sense that I’d have no further experience of the current problem, or indeed of anything at all? Is this worry parallel to beam-me-up case? Or is sleep a pain-free death?
- I suspect the answer to these questions is that for a physical thing to persist, there needs to be appropriate physical continuity, and this continuity guarantees its persistence (though this intuition is a bit of a feeble response). On the assumption that my brain476 supports my conscious experience, this is enough to reassure me that, as it's the same continuing brain in my skull overnight, it's the same me that's conscious in the morning. I don't have the same reassurance in the case of beaming-up. So, I wouldn't go in for it, even if it came to be seen as a cheap form of transportation.
John Weldon's "To Be"
- This is a 10-minute animated cartoon that discusses the question of teletransportation. Last I looked, it was available on Vimeo at John Weldon’s "To Be". It was originally (as far as I remember) on YouTube, but was taken down with the legend “This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by National Film Board of Canada”. No doubt the Vimeo copy will disappear in due course.
- In it, a mad scientist invents a teletransportation device as a means of free travel. The necessity of destroying the original is discussed, initially to avoid overpopulation, and then to prevent disputes as to who is who. The branch-line case, where the original is destroyed five minutes after the replication477, also features. There, it is clear that the original is a different individual to the teletransportee, and clings to life. Destroying the original is (in retrospect) murder – but what’s the difference between this situation and the one where the original is immediately destroyed? There’s obviously the anticipatory angle – in the “normal” case, the original thinks of the situation as one of travel, and no-one thinks that identity is not preserved in the process, whereas in the branch-line case the confusion is exposed, and the original knows that the teletransportee is a clone478. So, maybe the branch-line case is clearly a case of murder, whereas the “normal” case is a case of accidental homicide where the perpetrator is unaware that he’s killed someone?
- The twist in the tail is that the heroine, overcome with guilt after the branch-line case (which she’d originally just thought of as a logical demonstration) – and now understanding the metaphysics of teletransportation – thinks she can now
- atone for her crime,
- escape the guilt and
- escape her creditors by being herself teletransported.
For (i) she dies and is cloned479 and (ii) / (iii) the teletransportee is a different individual to the original, so why should this individual have any moral connection to the other? There seems to be something fishy about this, but maybe it’s perfectly sound reasoning. However, …
- In the animation, the original and the teletransportee get muddled up (after all, both look alike and think alike), so for practical purposes we are in a situation similar to Locke’s “amnesiac drunkard” case – society480 has to find the drunkard guilty for his forgotten crimes (in that case because of the possibility of dissimulation); so, maybe the possibility of dissimulation or devious intent (as in the animated case) would for practical purposes mean that the teletransportee would inherit the moral and legal baggage of the original – and surely they would, or the practical consequences of people routinely escaping their debts would be grave.
- Yet, metaphysically, it’s no different from escaping your debts by committing suicide, because the teletransportee is not the same individual. And, I think the Branch-line case shows that it’s not the same person either, unless we allow the non-substance term “Person” to have multiple instances – as immediately post teletransportation, both the original and the teletransportee would seem to be the same person (however this is defined non-substantially) even though they would rapidly diverge into two different persons. Just as in the case of suicide, society481 has in the past tried to show that you “can’t really escape” – because of the prospect of Hell, so in the teletransportation case the same myth would be propagated. The teletransportee would be deemed to inherit the moral baggage of the original and, if not up to speed on the metaphysics, would think rightly so. But the original would have escaped for all that!
- Replication482
- Replication arises where an obvious copying process takes place. I would claim that Teletransportation483 falls under this head. I'm currently not clear whether there's a distinction between replication and duplication484, other than that duplication would seem to be restricted to doubling, whereas replication is more open-ended.
- Does amoebic division count as replication? When an amoeba divides, this is not a case of fission485 but of reproduction. So, there are three amoebae involved – the original one and the two daughters. This is not the same situation as in fission.
- The above said, does this case depend:
- on how the case is described486 and
- on how – empirically – the replication occurs?
- If the amoebic division occurs by budding of a daughter, so that we can continually "track" the parent, then we have straightforward reproduction. If the division is symmetrical, the case could be correctly described as replication, though maybe on a perdurantist487 view we originally had two coincident488 amoebae that both persist.
- We need to watch out for closest continuer489 descriptions of the case.
- I feel I need to investigate the science of all this a bit more.
- On amoebae: see "Wikipedia - Amoeba (genus)"
- Their standard division is as all eucaryotic cells – by Mitosis ("Wikipedia - Mitosis") and Cytokinesis ("Wikipedia - Cytokinesis")
Transhumanism490
- Transhumanism is the thesis that we human beings491 can – in principle at least – transcend our animal492 nature and escape or at least augment – in whole or part – our animal bodies493.
- The movement hopes – amongst other things – to extend our lifespans – either considerably or indefinitely.
- One particular strand of this hope is to escape our mortal bodies altogether by “uploading494 ourselves” to a digital computer495.
- Of course, there’s lots more to the movement, especially with somatic and mental augmentation to expedite our evolutionary496 progress via Cyborgisation497.
- I’m very doubtful about the possibility – practical or theoretical – of most of these aims, as well as their desirability. However, while this topic is on the borders of sci-fi, it is a challenge to animalism498 in that it presupposes that “we499” can transcend our biological origins500 in some way or other.
- The premier transhumanist of my acquaintance is Nick Bostrom. He has also argued that we might be (and indeed probably are) living in a computer501 simulation. See:-
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?",
- "Weatherson (Brian) - Are You a Sim?", and
- "Bostrom (Nick) - The Simulation Argument: Reply to Weatherson".
- A light-hearted introductions to the ideas and personalities are:-
- "O'Connell (Mark) - To be a Machine", and
- "Tegmark (Max) - Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence"
- And the main text for this topic is "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - The Transhumanist Reader". It’s probably best to start with the Introductions to the book’s nine Parts.
- Enough to say here that I’m not sympathetic to these aims, nor to the possibility of Uploading502, even in principle.
- Nearby Hopes
- Chimeras503
- Chimeras are animals504 – or maybe humanoids – the mythical centaur is an example – made up of parts of animals from different species.
- The original Chimeras were mythical beasts ("Wikipedia - Chimera (Mythology)"), improbable amalgams of lion, goat and snake, though mules ("Wikipedia - Mule", the progeny of a male donkey and a female horse) are chimeras as the parents are of different species with different numbers of chromosomes.
- My only reference for this topic was originally "Savulescu (Julian) - Should a human-pig chimera be treated as a person?". This brief paper focuses on the ethics of using (future) pig-human chimeras as sources of (human) transplant505-organs or neural506 matter.
- The paper’s rhetorical question is rather ludicrous as there would never be any intention of engineering pigs with the attributes needed to qualify as a person, nor the need to do so even in the case of neural tissue (which would remain in the petri-dish). However:-
- Admittedly, "Ishiguro (Kazuo) - Never Let Me Go" considers the cloning of human beings so their organs can be harvested, but this is presumably because it is deemed to be the technologically simplest solution.
- I’m admittedly unclear about the question of neural tissue. But the idea of developing neural structures within a pig-human chimera and transplanting these structures into a human head is as far-fetched as brain transplants507, so can be ignored for now.
- Whether such a beast – whether hybridised with a human or not – were to qualify as a person508 ought to be based on its cognitive capacities and not merely on its chromosomes.
- It is possible that this topic might relate to transhumanism509. Rather than adding small quantities of human to pig, we might add quantities of animal to human. This would be the case in organ transplants – where an essentially normal organ is transplanted – but it might be the case that augmentative strategies could be adopted whereby humans are enhanced with bodily features (or, say, the physiological infrastructure) of animals, much as in the case of cyborgs510, but with organic rather than inorganic parts.
- I’ve noted the extended usage of the term “chimera” to designate human beings with body parts or cells originating from different human beings. I’m not sure this is helpful, or that it has much significant to say about identity conditions. Genetic uniformity is not sufficient for numerical identity (because of identical twins511) and I doubt it is necessary either. Examples given are women after (or possibly during) pregnancy and human-human transplant recipients.
- The following useful material comes from notes made on the RIP-version of "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?".
- Micro-chimerism (See "Wikipedia - Microchimerism"): Fetal-maternal & Twin-twin transfer. Pregnant women usually pick up fetal cells during pregnancy, which remain in their bodies for decades.
- Macro-chimerism: Kidney donation; blastocyst fusion (see "Wikipedia - Chimera (Genetics)"). This link distinguishes Chimeras from Hybrids and Hybridomas. In a Chimera, each cell is genetically uniform, whereas:-
- Hybrids: form from the fusion of gametes from two species that form a single zygote with a combined genetic makeup. See "Wikipedia - Hybrid (Biology)".
- Hybridomas: result from the fusion of two species' cells into a single cell and artificial propagation of this cell in the laboratory. See "Wikipedia - Hybridoma Technology".
In the latter case, two blastocysts (of non-identical twins) fuse non-pathologically (the pathological cases are of conjoined twins – where there’s incomplete fusion and integration) – for all Kingma knows this might be true of her – so that some organs are formed from one blastocyst and the others, or the skin, are formed from the other. It’d be bonkers to think that such cases weren’t each a (single) organism.
I’m indebted to "Ball (Philip) - How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life", pp. 81-5, for further information on the above case where, because of very early fusion of non-identical twin embryos512, the adult may contain cells with different genotypes, which would normally have ended up as two individuals. Things get slightly odd when the twins were of different sexes as the organs can develop from one or the other (or both). There’s also the normal case where ‘foreign’ cells (mostly red blood cells) wander across the placenta and end up in the body of either the mother or the fetus.
Cyborgs513
- Briefly, a Cyborg (Cybernetic Organism) is a human being (or any organic being) with some inorganic parts (see "Wikipedia - Cyborg").
- Compare and contrast with Android514, which is a humanoid robot.
- See also Siliconisation515, the Thought Experiment516 wherein we have the gradual replacement of (human) neural tissue with microchips while – allegedly – preserving consciousness517 and mental518 function.
- And again, connect to Chimeras519. In this case, biological material from other animals is merged with human tissue to provide an enhancement, and there are other situations where human tissue is to be harvested from other animals – after genetic modification or other means – for the purpose of implantation520.
- All of the above is beloved of the Transhumanists521, who want to enhance the human condition by all means possible, even if this means that humans are no longer – strictly speaking – human beings522.
- My interest in Cyborgs stems from the impact of their possibility on the truth of Animalism523.
- If we are (human) animals524, would we continue to exist if increasingly enhanced by technological implants525 and extensions. I see no immediate problem – just a bit more along the lines of spectacles & hip replacements. But no doubt there would eventually become a tipping point when we become more inorganic than organic526. Our persistence conditions527 would then be mixed between those of organisms528 and artefacts529. Or is the situation better described by us shrinking (if our parts are replaced) or – if the technological parts are add-ons – remaining unchanged. Currently we’re unchanged by our spectacles, but hip replacements become part of us. Is this not so?
Far Off Hopes
- Uploading530
- This Note will discuss the Transhumanist531 fantasy of uploading you532 (or your mind533) to a computer534.
- For this to be possible, the “Computer Model” of the mind – which seems to be the dominant paradigm in neuroscience – needs to be true of us, and not just a model. This is the view that the brain operates like a digital computer535 and is disputed by, for example, "Epstein (Robert) - The empty brain".
- "Miller (Kenneth D.) - Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain?" points out the formidable technical obstacles to building a full model of the brain, and that consequently Uploading is not to be anticipated any century soon. The author does, however, think that it is metaphysically possible536.
- I don’t believe this, for the same reason that I don’t think Teletransportation537 – even if technically feasible – is identity-preserving. Rather than uploading you, we’d only achieve a simulation. But even if the individual ‘in’ the computer were to be conscious538 and a person539, it would not be you but someone else.
- Additionally, this Note should cover the – more realistic but still technologically very remote – possibility of uploading information540 into our brains541, though this overlaps with Brain State Transfer542, though the latter is the uploading of an entire psychology rather than information (and to a brain, rather than a computer543).
- Computers544
- This discussion will be restricted to the role Computers play in the philosophy of Mind and Personal Identity. While I am an animalist545, the mind546 and brain547 are important topics in alternative accounts – in particular the Psychological View548 and the Constitution View549.
- The “Computer Model” of the mind seems to be the dominant paradigm in neuroscience. This is the view that the brain operates like a digital computer. This is disputed by, for example "Epstein (Robert) - The empty brain".
- There’s a cross-over in much of the above topic with Functionalism550.
- Where this gets exciting is in the Transhumanist551 hope of uploading552 (you553, or your mind554) to a computer. This will be dealt with under the head of Uploading555.
- A related issue – also currently noted under Transhumanism – is whether we are (most probably) living in a computer simulations, whether or not we might have been uploaded556 there.
- Also, there’s the whole question of Artificial Intelligence557, and in particular whether computers – or maybe even computer programs – might ever become persons558.
- This topic might get caught up in the “Connectionism” debate, and whether connectionism – which seeks to adopt the neural connectionist architecture of the brain – can account for the “systematicity of cognition”. I don’t want to stray too far down this interesting path.
- I might also add the question whether the success of self-teaching game machines (AlphaGo and AlphaZero – I have "Sadler (Matthew) & Regan (Natasha) - Game Changer: AlphaZero's Groundbreaking Chess Strategies and the Promise of AI", but it is mostly about chess!) have anything to say about the innateness controversy – whether human beings are born with a “language559 instinct” or whether generic associative learning capabilities are sufficient to explain the near-miraculous acquisition of language by toddlers. I used to think not – see the Poverty of the Stimulus Argument560.
- Androids561
- Briefly, an Android (Wikipedia: Android) is – or would be were one to be built – a robot with no organic parts that looks and acts like a human being; those looking otherwise are simply “droids”.
- The Android needs to behave as if it had an appropriate psychology562 – at least one that passes the Turing Test.
- This psychology need not involve phenomenal consciousness563 – indeed it is one of the problems of philosophy to consider how we could ever know whether or not an android is phenomenally conscious.
- Could it not be a zombie564?
- Compare and contrast with Cyborgs565.
The relevance of Androids to the topic of Personal Identity stems from whether or not Androids would be persons566.
On the presumption that they might be, then the question arises whether a human person567 might metamorphose568 into an android by a process of siliconisation569 (and cyborgisation570 – for the non-psychological elements).
On the presumption that an android cannot be identical to a human animal571, this Thought Experiment572 seems to pull apart animal573 identity and personal574 identity.
Concluding Remarks
- Having now discussed Thought Experiments in general, we now in our next Chapter575 turn to the question of Resurrection – the matter that first motivated Locke (and – I suspect – Lynne Rudder Baker and many others) in their discussions of Personal Identity.
Links to Books / Papers to be Addressed576
- This section attempts to derive the readings lists automatically from those of the underlying Notes, but removing duplicated references. The list is divided into:-
- There must be many more papers on Brain State Transfers than the classic one by Williams (and commentaries thereon) – I just haven’t got them correctly categorised. Under this head should be included references to “Brain Zaps” and the like.
- Siliconisation must be covered somewhere in "Unger (Peter) - Identity, Consciousness and Value", where it is referred to as “zippering”. I intend to re-read this book as part of the work for Chapter 1579, so I will find it then, I hope.
Works on this topic that I’ve actually read580, include the following:-
- Thought Experiments
- Thought Experiments581
- Aeon:
- "Aeon - Video - The Boltzmann brain paradox", 2022, External Link
- "Baggini (Julian) - Life-and-death thought experiments are correctly unsolvable", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Falk (Dan) - Armchair science", 2017, Annotations, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kind (Amy) - Imagination is a powerful tool: why is philosophy afraid of it?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Wilson (James) - The trolley problem problem", 2020, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity: In Conclusion", 1993
- "Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity: Preface", 1993
- "Beck (Simon) - Back To The Self And The Future", 1998, Annotations
- "Campbell (Scott) - Can You Survive a Brain-Zap", 2004, Annotations
- "Cohnitz (Daniel) - Personal Identity and the Methodology of Imaginary Cases", 2003, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue", 2014
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", 1997, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Ehring (Douglas) - Personal Identity and Time Travel", 1987, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Gale (Richard) - On Some Pernicious Thought-Experiments", 1991, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Garrett (Brian) - Personal Identity", 1998, 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Garrett (Brian) - The Problem (of Personal Identity) and Its Place in Philosophy", 1998
- "Hershenov (David) - Countering the Appeal of the Psychological Approach to Personal Identity", 2004, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "James (Susan) - Feminism in Philosophy of Mind: The Question of Personal Identity", 2000
- "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note582, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - The Organism View Defended", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem", 2015, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Human People Or Human Animals", 1995, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Psychology and Personal Identity", 1999
- "Papineau (David) - The Importance of Philosophical Intuition", 2009
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Personal Identity and Brain Transplants", 1991, Annotations
- "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", 2009, Write-Up Note583
- "Sorensen (Roy) - Thought Experiments: Introduction", 1992
- "Unger (Peter) - Physically Based Subjects and Their Experiences: Against the Six Metaphysical Doctrines", 1992
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments", 2003, Book
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Thought Experiments", 2003
- "Williams (Bernard) - The Self and the Future", 1999, Write-Up Note584, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Wilson (Jack) - Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities", 1999, Annotations
- Intuition585
- Aeon:
- "Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) - Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality", 2019, External Link
- General:
- "Block (Ned) - What Intuitions about Homunculi Don't Show", 1980
- "Cohnitz (Daniel) - Personal Identity and the Methodology of Imaginary Cases", 2003, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", 1997, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hazlett (Allan) - Disassembly and Destruction", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Hershenov (David) - Countering the Appeal of the Psychological Approach to Personal Identity", 2004, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hetherington (Stephen) - Gettier Problems", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Hirsch (Eli) - Dividing Reality: Preface", 1993
- "Kenny (Anthony) - Reason and Intuition", 1968, Write-Up Note586
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations
- "Kurtz (Roxanne) - Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?", 2006, Write-Up Note587, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Mackie (David) - Personal Identity and Dead People", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
- "Mulgan (Tim) - Critical Notice of Jeff McMahan's The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Nagel (Thomas) - Mortal Questions: Preface", 1979, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - Animalism versus Lockeanism: Reply to Mackie", 2001, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - Persons, Animals and Human Beings", 2003, Annotations
- "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem", 2015, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Psychology and Personal Identity", 1999
- "Olson (Eric) - Why I Have No Hands", 1995, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach", 1999
- "Papineau (David) - The Importance of Philosophical Intuition", 2009
- "Rey (Georges) - Meta-atheism: Religious Avowal as Self-Deception", 2007, Internal PDF Link
- "Schechtman (Marya) - Reidentification: Conclusion", 1996
- "Schechtman (Marya) - The Constitution of Selves: Preface and Introduction", 1996
- "Searle (John) - Minds, Brains, and Programs: Author's Response to Peer Review", 1980, Internal PDF Link
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Sider (Ted) - Critical Study of Michael Jubien's Ontology, Modality, and the Fallacy of Reference", 1999, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules) - Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?", 2015, External Link
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Personal Identity and Brain Transplants", 1991, Annotations
- Future Great Pain Test588
- Aeon:
- "Frankish (Keith) - What do you really believe? Take the Truth-Demon Test", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Williams, 'The Self and the Future'", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Unger (Peter) - Investigating Our Beliefs About Ourselves", 1992, Note: See Section 10.
- "Unger (Peter) - The Survival of the Sentient", 2000, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Williams (Bernard) - The Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality", 1999, Internal PDF Link
- "Williams (Bernard) - The Self and the Future", 1999, Write-Up Note589, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - Video: Does God Know Our First-Person Perspectives?", 2015, Note: Maybe …
- Principal Examples - Natural
- Clones590
- Aeon:
- "Aeon - Video - Norman, norman", 2020, External Link
- General:
- "Ball (Philip) - Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Mechanics is ... Different", 2019, Book
- "Dennett (Daniel) - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul: Introduction", 1981, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Dworkin (Andrea) - Sasha", 1998, No Abstract
- "Gale (Richard) - On Some Pernicious Thought-Experiments", 1991, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Ishiguro (Kazuo) - Never Let Me Go", 2005, Book, Footnote591
- "Nussbaum (Martha) & Sunstein (Cass R.) - Clones and Clones - Introduction", 1998
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Tuttle (Lisa) - World of Strangers", 1998, No Abstract
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - Bodily Resurrection: The Falling Elevator Model Revisited", 2010, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Fission
- Fission592
- General:
- "Carter (William) - Artifacts of Theseus: Fact and Fission", 1983, Write-Up Note593, Internal PDF Link
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", 1997, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Garrett (Brian) - Fission", 1998
- "Hawley (Katherine) - Fission, Fusion and Intrinsic Facts", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Nagel (Thomas) - Brain Bisection and the Unity of Consciousness", 1979, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - The Reduplication Problem", 2003, Annotations
- "Roache (Rebecca) - A Defence of Quasi-Memory", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Robinson (Denis) - Can Amoebae Divide Without Multiplying?", 1985, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Unger (Peter) - Fission and the Focus of One's Life", 1992
- "Unger (Peter) - Fission and the Focus of One's Life (Excerpt)", 2003
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Being in Two Minds", 2003
- Duplication594
- Aeon:
- "Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) - Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality", 2019, External Link, Note: Reduplication Objection.
- General:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Big-Tent Metaphysics", 2008, Write-Up Note595, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Personal Identity Over Time", 2000, Write-Up Note596, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Precis of 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View'", 2001, Write-Up Note597, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Reply to Garrett", 2001, Write-Up Note598, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - What Am I?", 1999, Write-Up Note599, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Footnote600
- "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases", 2007, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", 1997, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Ehring (Douglas) - Personal Identity and Time Travel", 1987, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - The Reduplication Problem", 2003, Annotations, Note: Reduplication Objection.
- "Olson (Eric) - Immanent Causation and Life After Death", 2010, Write-Up Note601, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Perry (John) - A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality", 1978, Book, Note: Reduplication Objection.
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009, Note: Reduplication Objection.
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009, Note: Reduplication Objection.
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Persons and Personal Identity", 1996
- "Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules) - Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?", 2015, External Link
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - Bodily Resurrection: The Falling Elevator Model Revisited", 2010, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Twinning602
- Aeon:
- "Spinney (Laura) - The twin boom", 2016, External Link
- General:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Embryos and StemCell Research", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Feldman (Fred) - The Enigma of Death", 1992
- "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009
- Reduplication Objections603
- General:
- "Ehring (Douglas) - Personal Identity and Time Travel", 1987, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - The Reduplication Problem", 2003, Annotations
- "Olson (Eric) - Psychology and Personal Identity", 1999
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Thomas (Janice L.) - Psychological continuity", 2000
- "Thomas (Janice L.) - What matters for survival and the logical possibility of resurrection", 2000
- Fusion
- Transplants605
- General:
- "Ishiguro (Kazuo) - Never Let Me Go", 2005, Book
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - Bodily Resurrection: The Falling Elevator Model Revisited", 2010, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Psychopathology
- Psychopathology606
- Aeon:
- "Aamodt (Caitlin) - On shared false memories: what lies behind the Mandela effect?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Aeon - Video - A brief history of melancholy", 2021, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - A is for autism", 2022, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Abductees", 2022, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Composite", 2022, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Devil in the room", 2014, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Do I see what you see?", 2020, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Don't think twice", 2020, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Letting you go", 2016, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Nyctophobia", 2021, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Out of mind", 2021, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - You've never been completely honest", 2022, External Link
- "Baskin-Sommers (Arielle) - Psychopaths have feelings: can they learn how to use them?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Black (Melissa) - Unboxing mental health", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Bond (Michael) - We are wayfinders", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Broks (Paul) - Unholy anorexia", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "David (Anthony) - Patient, know thyself: how insight helps to treat psychosis", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Davis (Joseph E.) - Let’s avoid talk of ‘chemical imbalance’: it’s people in distress", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Evans (Bonnie) - The autism paradox", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Foulkes (Lucy) - Ever taken pleasure in another’s pain? That’s ‘everyday sadism’", 2020, External Link
- "Happe (Francesca) - Autistic people shouldn’t have to use ‘camouflage’ to fit in", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Leslie (Grace) - Video - Neurosymphony", 2019, External Link
- "Limburg (Joanne) - Am I disabled?", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Pierre (Joseph) - A mad world", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Sunar (Neesa) - I have no mind's eye: let me try to describe it for you", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Svoboda (Elizabeth) - The kindled brain", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Benson (Ophelia) - This Isn't My Body", 2005, External Link
- "Carruthers (Peter) - Autism as Mind-Blindness: an Elaboration and Partial Defence", 1996, No Abstract
- "Graham (George) - Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction - Preface", 1998
- "Hale (Sheila) - The Man Who Lost His Language", 2002, Book
- "Mitchell (David X.) - Almost everything I’d been told about my son’s autism was wrong", 2018, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Parkin (Alan) - Cognitive Neuropsychology as a Science", 1996, No Abstract
- "Parkin (Alan) - Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology", 1996 / 2003, Book
- "Parkin (Alan) - The Split Brain", 1996
- "Potter (Harry), Shears (Tara), Carlisle (Clare) & Broks (Paul) - Audio: How Can I Know Anything at All?", 2015, External Link
- "Schwyter (Jörg) - ‘Me talk funny’ - A stroke patient’s personal account", 2011, Internal PDF Link
- "Schwyter (Jörg) - Losing Language: Multilingualism and Aphasia", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules) - Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?", 2015, External Link
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Mental Deficiency, Breakdown, and Insanity", 2003
- Clinical Observations607
- General:
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments", 2003, Book
- Commissurotomy608
- Aeon:
- "Pinto (Yair) - When you split the brain, do you split the person?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Benson (Ophelia) - This Isn't My Body", 2005, External Link
- "Hecker (Bruce) - How do Whales and Dolphins Sleep Without Drowning?", External Link
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - The Organism View Defended", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Footnote609
- "Marks (Charles) - Commissurotomy, Consciousness and Unity of Mind", 1981, Book
- "Olson (Eric) - Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach", 1999
- "Parkin (Alan) - The Split Brain", 1996
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Précis of Material Beings", 1993, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Two Problems About Personal Identity: Memory and Commissurotomy", 1990, Annotations, No Abstract
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Being in Two Minds", 2003
- Multiple Personality Disorder610
- Aeon:
- "Schechter (Elizabeth) - What we can learn about respect and identity from ‘plurals’", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Lerner (Berel Dov) - Review of 'Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction' by David Shoemaker", 2009
- "Olson (Eric) - Persistence", 1999
- "Olson (Eric) - Was Jekyll Hyde?", 2003, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Pritchard (Duncan) - What do you know? What is Knowledge? And Do We Have Any?", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Footnote611
- "Shoemaker (David) - Moral Issues at the End of Life", 2009
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Personal Identity (Lectures 1 - 4)", 2005?, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", 2009, Write-Up Note612
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Fugues, Hypnosis, and Multiple Personality", 2003
Principal Examples - Artificial
- Brain State Transfer613
- General:
- "Campbell (Scott) - Can You Survive a Brain-Zap", 2004, Annotations
- "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue", 2014
- "Ehring (Douglas) - Personal Identity and Time Travel", 1987, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note614, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Long (Douglas) - The Bodies of Persons", 1974, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - The Self and the Future", 2003, Annotations
- "Odegard (Douglas) - Personal and Bodily Identity", 1969, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Roache (Rebecca) - A Defence of Quasi-Memory", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Persons, Animals, and Bodies", 1995, Annotations
- "Williams (Bernard) - The Self and the Future", 1999, Write-Up Note615, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- Brain Transplants616
- General:
- "Allen (Becky) - Humans. Dolphins. Crows. Chimps. Bonobos. Robots. Welcome to the Space of Possible Minds", 2016, Footnote617
- "Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity: In Conclusion", 1993
- "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism and its Implications", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases", 2007, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Carter (William) - How to Change Your Mind", 1989, Annotations
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", 1997, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Garrett (Brian) - Personal Identity", 1998, 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Garrett (Brian) - The Problem (of Personal Identity) and Its Place in Philosophy", 1998
- "Hershenov (David) - Countering the Appeal of the Psychological Approach to Personal Identity", 2004, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note618, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - The Organism View Defended", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Mackie (David) - Animalism Versus Lockeanism: No Contest", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Mackie (David) - Going Topless", 1998, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Madden (Rory) - Human Persistence", 2016, Internal PDF Link
- "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
- "Martin (Alan P.) - Human head transplant: Controversial procedure successfully carried out on corpse", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Footnote619
- "Noonan (Harold) - Animalism versus Lockeanism: Reply to Mackie", 2001, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - Identity and Determinacy", 2003, Annotations
- "Noonan (Harold) - Persons, Animals and Human Beings", 2003, Annotations
- "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem", 2015, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Human People Or Human Animals", 1995, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Is Psychology Relevant To Personal Identity?", 1994, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Persistence", 1999
- "Olson (Eric) - Personal Identity and the Radiation Argument", 2001, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Psychology and Personal Identity", 1999
- "Olson (Eric) - Relativism and Persistence", 1997, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach", 1999
- "Parfit (Derek) - Why Our Identity is Not What Matters", 1986
- "Rey (Georges) - Survival", 1976
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Self-Regarding Ethics - Alternative Approaches", 2009
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Persons and Personal Identity", 1996
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Personal Identity and Brain Transplants", 1991, Annotations
- "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", 2009, Write-Up Note620
- "Steinhart (Eric) - Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms", 2001, Annotations
- "Thomas (Janice L.) - The bodily criterion", 2000
- "Thomas (Janice L.) - What matters for survival and the logical possibility of resurrection", 2000
- "Unger (Peter) - A Physically Based Approach To Our Survival", 1992
- "Unger (Peter) - The Survival of the Sentient", 2000, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Brain Transplants", 1990, Annotations, No Abstract
- "Wiggins (David) - Locke, Butler and the Stream of Consciousness: And Men as Natural Kind", 1976, Internal PDF Link
- Siliconisation621
- Aeon:
- "Pigliucci (Massimo) - Consciousness is real", 2019, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Claxton (Guy) - Intelligence in the Flesh - Limbering Up: An Introduction", 2015
- "Haugeland (John) - Programs, causal powers, and intentionality", 1980
- "Marshall (John C.) - Artificial Intelligence - the real thing?", 1980
- "Price (Huw), Cave (Stephen), Iida (Fumiya), Etc. - Preparing for the future: artificial intelligence and us: Part 1", 2018, External Link
- "Searle (John) - Breaking the Hold: Silicon Brains, Conscious Robots and Other Minds", 1992
- "Searle (John) - Minds, Brains, and Programs: Author's Response to Peer Review", 1980, Internal PDF Link
- "Thomas (Janice L.) - The identity theory", 2000
- "Tye (Michael) - Can Anyone Else Feel My Pains?", 1995, Footnote622
- "Unger (Peter) - Identity, Consciousness and Value", 1992, Book
- "Unger (Peter) - The Physical Approach To Our Survival", 1992
- Dracula623
- Teletransportation624
- Aeon:
- "Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) - Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality", 2019, External Link, Footnote625
- "Huenemann (Charlie) - If I teleport from Mars, does the original me get destroyed?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Baillie (James) - What Am I?", 1993, Write-Up Note626, Footnote627
- "Bourget (David) & Chalmers (David) - The PhilPapers Surveys: What Do Philosophers Believe?", 2014, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Footnote628
- "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue", 2014
- "Dennett (Daniel) - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul: Introduction", 1981, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Garrett (Brian) - The Problem (of Personal Identity) and Its Place in Philosophy", 1998
- "Gasser (Georg) - Personal Identity and Resurrection: Introduction", 2010, Annotations
- "Johnston (Mark) - Human Beings", 1987, Write-Up Note629, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
- "Olson (Eric) - Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Parfit (Derek) - Reasons and Persons", 1987, Book, Footnote630
- "Parfit (Derek) - What We Believe Ourselves To Be", 1986, Write-Up Note631
- "Parfit (Derek) - Why Our Identity is Not What Matters (Excerpts)", 1986
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Persons and Personal Identity", 1996
- "Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules) - Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?", 2015, External Link
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - Bodily Resurrection: The Falling Elevator Model Revisited", 2010, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
Transhumanism
- Transhumanism633
- Aeon:
- "Aeon - Video - Connecting the human body to the outside world", 2023, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Hacking enlightenment", 2021, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Is our attention for sale?", 2020, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Soft awareness", 2020, External Link
- "Andersen (Ross) - Exodus", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Andersen (Ross) - Omens", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Aronson (Polina) & Duportail (Judith) - The quantified heart", 2018, External Link
- "Ball (Philip) - Sim ethics", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Buckingham (Angela) - Murder in virtual reality should be illegal", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Burri (Susanne) & Robillard (Michael) - Why banning autonomous killer robots wouldn’t solve anything", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Cave (Stephen) - Frozen dead guys", 2013, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Chatfield (Tom) - Automated ethics", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) - Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality", 2019, External Link, Footnote634
- "Clay (Alexa) - Growing up alien", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Colebrook (Claire) - End-times for humanity", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Davies (Sally) - Women’s minds matter", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Delistraty (Cody) - Drugs du jour", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Deutsch (David) - Creative blocks", 2012, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Dickey (Colin) - A fault in our design", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Dingemanse (Mark) - The space between our heads", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Foroohar (Rana) - Video - How Big Tech betrayed us", 2021, External Link
- "Francis (Matthew) - Is this life real?", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Fry (Hannah) - Video - Should computers run the world?", 2021, External Link
- "Gifford (Sheyna) - Life on Mars", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Graziano (Michael) - Endless fun", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Greene (Kate) - Planet boredom", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Houston (Catriona) - Remote control of the brain is coming: how will we use it?", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Jaekl (Philip) - Am I my connectome?", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Jaekl (Philip) - In Cold Blood", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Jones (Christopher) - New tech only benefits the elite until the people demand more", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Krakauer (David C.) - At the limits of thought", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Lindsay (Grace) - Planes don’t flap their wings: does AI work like a brain?", 2018, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Marsa (Linda) - The longevity gap", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Mascaro (Joe) - To save Earth, go to Mars", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "McGlokin (Mitch) - Aeon - Video - Forever", 2022, External Link
- "Medlock (Ben) - The body is the missing link for truly intelligent machines", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Minerva (Francesca) & Rorheim (Adrian) - What are the ethical consequences of immortality technology?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Morus (Iwan Rhys) - Supermensch", 2020, External Link
- "Paik (Jamie) - Robogamis are the real heirs of terminators and transformers", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Pessoa (Luiz) - Robot cognition requires machines that both think and feel", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Poole (Steven) - The human race", 2012, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Price (Huw) - Now it’s time to prepare for the Machinocene", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Rose (Hilary) & Rose (Steven) - Prometheus Inc", 2013, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Scharf (Caleb) - Where do minds belong?", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Schwitzgebel (Eric) - We have greater moral obligations to robots than to humans", 2015, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Sepkoski (David) - What a fossil revolution reveals about the history of ‘big data’", 2018, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Shostak (Seth) - Video - Further - Seth Shostak", 2016, External Link
- "Singler (Beth) - fAIth", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Stinson (Catherine) - Algorithms associating appearance and criminality have a dark past", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Wareham (Christopher) - How can life-extending treatments be available for all?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Zimmerman (Jess) - Young blood", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Aeon - Video - Could we have babies in space?", 2023, External Link
- "Aeon - Video - Our ark", External Link
- "Allen (Nick) - Opening up the real-life X-files", 2021
- "Andersen (Ross) - What Happens If China Makes First Contact?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Chalmers (David) - The Matrix as Metaphysics", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Christian (Brian) - The Most Human Human: A Defence of Humanity in the Age of the Computer", 2011, Book
- "Collins (Barry) - Can AI Solve Chess's Stalemate", 2022
- "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue", 2014
- "Grossman (Lev), Kurzweil (Ray) - 2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal", 2011, Write-Up Note635, Annotations
- "Harari (Yuval Noah) - Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow", 2017, Book
- "Hawthorne (John X.) - Are You Ready For The Cyborg Technology Coming In 2021?", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Jones (D. Gareth) - A Christian Perspective on Human Enhancement", 2010, Internal PDF Link
- "Kobie (Nicole) - Neuralink: an old idea that could be the future of medicine"
- "Kobie (Nicole) - Quantum Supremacy is here - So what?", 2020
- "Kobie (Nicole) - The risks of the generative AI gold rush"
- "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
- "Midgley (Mary) - Biotechnology and Monstrosity: Why We Should Pay Attention to the 'Yuk Factor'", 2000, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "O'Connell (Mark) - To be a Machine", 2017, Book
- "Price (Huw), Cave (Stephen), Iida (Fumiya), Etc. - Preparing for the future: artificial intelligence and us: Part 1", 2018, External Link
- "Price (Huw), Cave (Stephen), Iida (Fumiya), Etc. - Preparing for the future: artificial intelligence and us: Part 2", 2018, External Link
- "Regis (Ed) - Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly over the Edge", 1991, Book
- "Shipley (G.J.) - Review of Andy Clark's 'Natural-Born Cyborgs'", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Silver (Albert) - The future is here – AlphaZero learns chess", 2017, External Link
- "Simon-Lewis (Alexandra) - Is it dangerous to recreate flawed human morality in machines?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Tegmark (Max) - Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence", 2018, Book
- "The Week, Botsman (Rachel) - Big data meets Big Brother", 2017, Internal PDF Link
- "The Week, Lucas (Louise) & Feng (Emily) - Inside China's Surveillance State", 2018, Internal PDF Link
- "Tillson (John) - Imagine you could insert knowledge into your mind: should you?", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Wyatt (John) - Artificial intelligence and simulated relationships", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- Nearby Hopes
- Chimeras636
- Aeon:
- "Crabb (Jon) - Monster mash", 2017, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Footnote637
- "Rowland (Katherine) - We are multitudes", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Savulescu (Julian) - Should a human-pig chimera be treated as a person?", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Ball (Philip) - How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life", 2020, Book
- "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations
- Cyborgs638
- Aeon:
- "Mayor (Adrienne) - Bio-techne", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Erickson (Mark) - Review of Andy Clark's 'Natural-Born Cyborgs'", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Grossman (Lev), Kurzweil (Ray) - 2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal", 2011, Write-Up Note639, Annotations
- "Hawthorne (John X.) - Are You Ready For The Cyborg Technology Coming In 2021?", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Iida (Fumiya) - Could we build a Blade Runner-style ‘replicant’?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Jones (D. Gareth) - A Christian Perspective on Human Enhancement", 2010, Internal PDF Link
- "O'Connell (Mark) - To be a Machine", 2017, Book
- "Shipley (G.J.) - Review of Andy Clark's 'Natural-Born Cyborgs'", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
Far Off Hopes
- Uploading640
- Aeon:
- "Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) - Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality", 2019, External Link, Footnote641
- "Epstein (Robert) - The empty brain", 2016, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Graziano (Michael) - Endless fun", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- General:
- "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue", 2014, Footnote642
- "Grossman (Lev), Kurzweil (Ray) - 2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal", 2011, Write-Up Note643, Annotations
- "Hawthorne (John X.) - Are You Ready For The Cyborg Technology Coming In 2021?", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Heyes (Cecilia M.) - Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking", 2018, Book
- "Kaku (Michio) - The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest To Understand, Enhance and Empower the Mind", 2014, Book, Footnote644
- "Miller (Kenneth D.) - Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain?", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Moore (Adrian W.) - Is the quest for immortality worse than death?", 2019, External Link
- "O'Connell (Mark) - To be a Machine", 2017, Book
- "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Immortality", 2009
- "Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules) - Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me?", 2015, External Link, Footnote645
- "Tegmark (Max) - Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence", 2018, Book
Computers646
Aeon:
- "Epstein (Robert) - The empty brain", 2016, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Graziano (Michael) - Endless fun", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
General:
- "Ball (Philip) - We might live in a computer program, but it may not matter", 2016
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Bostrom (Nick) - How Long Before Superintelligence?", 1998, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Christian (Brian) - The Most Human Human: A Defence of Humanity in the Age of the Computer", 2011, Book
- "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue", 2014
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Where Am I?", 1997, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Footnote647
- "Lavelle (Suilin) - Minds, Brains and Computers", 2013, Internal PDF Link
- "MacKay (Donald) - Computer Software and Life After Death", 1997
- "Maxwell (Grover) - Intentionality: Hardware, not software", 1980
- "Pasquale (Frank) - Digital star chamber", 2015, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Price (Huw), Cave (Stephen), Iida (Fumiya), Etc. - Preparing for the future: artificial intelligence and us: Part 1", 2018, External Link
- "Price (Huw), Cave (Stephen), Iida (Fumiya), Etc. - Preparing for the future: artificial intelligence and us: Part 2", 2018, External Link
- "Roeder (Oliver) - There is no difference between computer art and human art", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Searle (John) - Minds, Brains and Science: The 1984 Reith Lectures", 1984, Book
- "Searle (John) - Minds, Brains, and Programs", 1980, Write-Up Note648, Internal PDF Link
- "Shanahan (Murray) - The Frame Problem", 2004-8, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Shipley (G.J.) - Review of Andy Clark's 'Natural-Born Cyborgs'", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Philosophy and the Mind/Body Problem", 2015, External Link
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Models of Mind", 2003
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - Bodily Resurrection: The Falling Elevator Model Revisited", 2010, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
Androids649
Aeon:
- "Floridi (Luciano) - Should we be afraid of AI?", 2016, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Rini (Regina) - Raising good robots", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Shanahan (Murray) - Conscious exotica", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link
AI:
- "Price (Huw), Cave (Stephen), Iida (Fumiya), Etc. - Preparing for the future: artificial intelligence and us: Part 1", 2018, External Link
General:
- "Grossman (Lev), Kurzweil (Ray) - 2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal", 2011, Write-Up Note650, Annotations
A further reading list might start with:-
- Thought Experiments
- Thought Experiments651
- General:
- "Alanen (Lilli) - Descartes, Conceivability and Logical Modality", 1991, No Abstract
- "Alexander (Ronald) - A Major Problem With Parfit", 1997, Read = 11%
- "Anapolitanos (D.A.) - Thought Experiments and Conceivability Conditions in Mathematics", 1991, No Abstract
- "Baillie (James) - Methodology Matters", 1993
- "Barker (Jonathan) - Debunking Arguments and Metaphysical Laws", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 29%
- "Beck (Simon) - Let's Exist Again (Like We Did Last Summer)", 2001, Internal PDF Link
- "Beck (Simon) - Should We Tolerate People Who Split?", 1992
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Survival", 1984, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Brook (J.A.) - Imagination, Possibility, and Personal Identity", 1975
- "Brown (James Robert) - Thought Experiments: A Platonic Account", 1991, No Abstract
- "Brown (James Robert) & Fehige (Yiftach) - Thought Experiments", 1996-2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Bunzl (Martin) - The Logic of Thought Experiments", 1996, Internal PDF Link
- "Camp (Joseph L.) - The Balad of Clyde the Moose", 1991, No Abstract
- "Cargile (James) - Review of Tamara Horowitz & Gerald Massey 'Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy'", 1994, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Cole (David) - Thought and Thought Experiments", 1984, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Coleman (Stephen) - Thought Experiments and Personal Identity", 2000
- "da Cunha (Rui Vieira) - Will I ever Be a Cyborg?", 2020, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Reflections on Leiber's 'Beyond Rejection'", 1981, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Durán (Juan M.) - Computer simulations in science and engineering: Concepts, Practices, Perspectives", 2018, Book, Read = 1%
- "Forge (John) - Thought Experiments in the Philosophy of Physical Science", 1991, No Abstract
- "Gendler (Tamar Szabo) - Imaginary Exceptions: On the Powers and Limits of Thought Experiment", 1996, Internal PDF Link, Read = 1%
- "George (Rolf) - The Tradition of Thought Experiments in Epistemology", 1991
- "Grüne-Yanoff (Till) - The Explanatory Potential of Artificial Societies", 2008?, Internal PDF Link
- "Haggqvist (Soren) - Thought Experiments In Philosophy", 1996, Book
- "Harris (Henry) - An Experimentalist Looks at Identity", 1995, Read = 3%
- "Hetherington (Stephen) - Conceivability and Modal Knowledge", 1991, No Abstract
- "Horowitz (Tamara) - Philosophical intuitions and psychological theory", 1998, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Horowitz (Tamara) & Massey (Gerald J.) - Newcomb's Problem as a Thought Experiment", 1991, No Abstract
- "Horowitz (Tamara) & Massey (Gerald J.) - Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy", 1991, Book, Read = 3%
- "Horowitz (Tamara) & Massey (Gerald J.) - Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy: Introduction", 1991, No Abstract
- "Humphreys (Paul) - The Philosophical Novelty of Computer Simulation Methods", 2008?, Internal PDF Link
- "Irvine (Andrew D.) - Thought Experiments in Scientific Reasoning", 1991, No Abstract
- "Janis (Allen I.) - Can Thought Experiments Fail?", 1991, No Abstract
- "King (Peter) - Mediaeval Thought-Experiments: The Metamethodology of Mediaeval Science", 1991, No Abstract
- "Kolak (Daniel) - The Metaphysics and Metapsychology of Personal Identity: Why Thought Experiments Matter in Deciding Who We Are", 1993
- "Laymon (Ronald) - Thought Experiments By Stevin, Mach and Gouy: Thought Experiments As Ideal Limits and As Semantic Domains", 1991, No Abstract
- "Leiber (Justin) - Beyond Rejection", 1980, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Lennox (James G.) - Darwinian Thought Experiments: A Function For Just-So Stories", 1991, No Abstract
- "Mackenzie (P.T.) - Personal Identity and the Imagination", 1983
- "Massey (Barbara D.) - Do All Rational Folk Reason As We Do? Frege's Thought Experiments Reconsidered", 1991, No Abstract
- "Massey (Gerald J.) - Backdoor Analyticity", 1991, No Abstract
- "Mohanty (J.N.) - Method of Imaginative Variation in Phenomenology", 1991, No Abstract
- "Murphy (Peter) - Reliability Connections Between Conceivability and Inconceivability", 2006, Internal PDF Link
- "Nagel (Thomas) - Conceiving the Impossible and the Mind-Body Problem", 1998, Internal PDF Link
- "Nichols (Shaun) & Bruno (Michael) - Intuitions about Personal Identity: An Empirical Study", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Nielsen (Lasse) - Reconstructing Thought Experiments in Personal Identity", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Norton (John D.) - Thought Experiments in Einstein's Work", 1991, No Abstract
- "Parker (Matthew W.) - Computing the Uncomputable, or, The Discrete Charm of Second-Order Simulacra", 2008?, Internal PDF Link
- "Rescher (Nicholas) - Thought Experiments in Presocratic Philosophy", 1991, No Abstract
- "Robinson (Howard) - Thought Experiments, Ontology, And Concept-Dependent Truthmakers", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Schlimm (Dirk) - Learning from the Existence of Models. On Psychic Machines, Tortoises, and Computer Simulations", 2008?, Internal PDF Link
- "Schneider (Susan) - Thought Experiments: Science Fiction as a Window into Philosophical Puzzles", 2009, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Searle (John), Etc. - Minds, Brains, and Programs", 1980, Book, Read = 136%, Footnote652
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Strengthening the Rejection of Transplant Arguments", 2014, Read = 6%
- "Sorensen (Roy) - The Cheated God: Death and Personal Time", 2005, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Sorensen (Roy) - Thought Experiments", 1992, Book, Read = 4%
- "Stoljar (Daniel) - Two Conceivability Arguments Compared", 2006, Internal PDF Link
- "Sturgeon (Scott) - Zombies and Ghosts", 2000, Read = 89%
- "Thomas (J.L.H.) - Against the Fantasists", 1991, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Thomason (Sarah G.) - Thought Experiments in Linguistics", 1995, No Abstract
- "Torrengo (Giuliano) & Buonomo (Valerio) - What's next? Time travel and phenomenal continuity", 2018, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Weatherson (Brian) - What Good Are Counterexamples?", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Williams (Bernard) - Imagination and the Self", 1966, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Williamson (Timothy) - Audio: Philosophical Expertise and the Burden of Proof", 2009, Read = 267%
- "Williamson (Timothy) - Thought Experiments", 2007, No Abstract
- "Wilson (Mark) - Reflections on Strings", 1991, No Abstract
- "Winsberg (Eric) - A Tale of Two Methods", 2008?, Internal PDF Link
- "Woodward (P.A.) - Why Prisoners’ Dilemma Is Not A Newcomb Problem", 2006, Internal PDF Link
- "Yablo (Stephen) - Is Conceivability a Guide to Possibility?", 1993, Internal PDF Link
- "Zuboff (Arnold) - Moment Universals and Personal Identity", 1978
- Intuition653
- General:
- "Brouwer (L.E.J.) - Intuitionism and Formalism", 1912, No Abstract, Footnote654
- "Dancy (Jonathan) - Intuitionism", 2000, No Abstract
- "Dennett (Daniel) - The Zombic Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition?", 2001, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "DePaul (Michael) & Ramsey (William) - Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry", 1998, Book, Footnote655
- "Dummett (Michael) - The Philosophical Basis of Intuitionist Logic", 1978, No Abstract, Footnote656
- "Heyting (Arend) - The Intuitionist Foundations of Mathematics", 1931, No Abstract, Footnote657
- "Horvath ( Christopher D.) - Some Questions about Identifying Individuals: Failed Intuitions about Organisms and Species", 1997, Internal PDF Link
- "Kamm (F.M.) - Moral Intuitions, Cognitive Psychology, and the Harming-Versus-Not-Aiding Distinction", 1998, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Maddy (Penelope) - Perception and Mathematical Intuition", 1980, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link, Footnote658
- "McDowell (John) - The Logical Form of an Intuition", 1998, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Melnick (Arthur) - Kant on Intuition", 1983, No Abstract
- "Nado (Jennifer) - The Role of Intuition", 2014, No Abstract
- "Nichols (Shaun) & Bruno (Michael) - Intuitions about Personal Identity: An Empirical Study", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Papineau (David) - The Intuition of Distinctness", 2002, Read = 8%
- "Quinton (Anthony) - Intuition", 1978
- "Russell (Bruce) - A Defence of Moral Intuitionism", 2017, No Abstract, Footnote659
- "Salmon (Wesley) - Intuitions - Good and Not-So-Good", 1998, No Abstract
- "Segal (Gabriel) - Reference, Causal Powers, Externalist Intuitions and Unicorns", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Shapiro (Stewart) - Intuitionism: Is Something Wrong with Our Logic?", 2000, Footnote660
- "Shieh (Sanford) - What Anti-Realist Intuitionism Could Not Be", 1999, Internal PDF Link
- "Smith (Martin) - Intuitionistic Probability and the Bayesian Objection to Dogmatism", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%, Footnote661
- "Sosa (David) - Scepticism About Intuition", 2006, Internal PDF Link
- "White (Ian) - Kant on Forms of Intuition", 1978-1979, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Williams (Bernard) - What Does Intuitionism Imply?", 1988, No Abstract
- "Williamson (Timothy) - Philosophical ‘Intuitions’ and Scepticism about Judgement", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Young (J. Michael) - Functions of thought and the synthesis of intuitions", 1992, Internal PDF Link
- Future Great Pain Test662
- Principal Examples - Natural
- Clones663
- General:
- "Agar (Nicholas) - Cloning and Identity", 2003, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Survival", 1984, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Briggs (Rachael) & Nolan (Daniel) - Utility Monsters for the Fission Age", 2015, Internal PDF Link
- "Harris (John) - Clones, Genes and Immortality: Ethics and Genetics", 1998, Book, Read = 1%
- "Hershenov (David) - An Argument for Limited Human Cloning", 2000, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Hershenov (David) - Van Inwagen, Zimmerman, and the Materialist Conception of Resurrection", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Johnston (Mark) - A New Refutation Of Death", 2010, Read = 3%
- "Kamm (F.M.) - Moral Status and Personal Identity: Clones, Embryos, and Future Generations", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Nussbaum (Martha) & Sunstein (Cass), Eds. - Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies About Human Cloning", 1998, Book, Read = 4%, Footnote664
- "Swinburne (Richard) - How To Determine Which Is The True Theory Of Personal Identity", 2012, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 40%
- "Wiggins (David) - Identity, Individuation, and Substance", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 63%
- "Wolf (Susan) - Ban Cloning? Why NBAC Is Wrong", 1997, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Zimmerman (Dean) - The Compatibility of Materialism and Survival: The “Falling Elevator” Model", 1999, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 28%
- Fission
- Fission665
- General:
- "Brueckner (Anthony) - Branching in the psychological approach to personal identity", 2005, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Burke (Michael) - Spatial Analogues of 'Annihilation and Re-creation'", 1985, Internal PDF Link
- "Cerullo (Michael A.) - Uploading and Branching Identity", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 133%
- "Demarest (Heather) - Fission May Kill You (But Not for the Reasons You Thought)", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Eklund (Matti) - Personal Identity and Conceptual Incoherence", 2002, Internal PDF Link
- "Gallois (Andre) - Counting Amoebas", 1998
- "Garrett (Brian) - Johnston on Fission", 2004, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Gustafsson (Johan E.) - Non-branching personal persistence", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Fission and Confusion", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Johnston (Mark) - Fission and the Facts", 1989, Internal PDF Link, Read = 21%
- "Martin (Raymond) - Fission Rejuvenated", 2003, No Abstract
- "Martin (Raymond), Barresi (John) & Giovannelli (Alessandro) - Fission Examples in 18th and Early 19th century Personal Identity Debate", 1998
- "Matthews (Gareth B.) - Surviving As", 1977
- "Merricks (Trenton) - Fission and Personal Identity Over Time", 1997, Internal PDF Link
- "Mills (Eugene) - Dividing Without Reducing: Bodily Fission and Personal Identity", 1993
- "Moyer (Mark) - A Survival Guide to Fission", 2008, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Munzer (Stephen R.) - Transplantation, Chemical Inheritance, and the Identity of Organs", 1994, Internal PDF Link
- "Noonan (Harold) - Can One Thing Become Two?", 1980, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Noonan (Harold) - Williams on 'The Self and the Future'", 1982, No Abstract
- "Oderberg (David) - Fission, Intermittence and the Primitiveness of Identity", 1993
- "Ord (Toby) - Implications of fission, fusion and teletransportation to a view of personal identity through psychological continuity", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 40%
- "Perry (John) - Can the Self Divide?", 2002, Internal PDF Link
- "Prior (Arthur N.) - Opposite Number", 1957, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Pummer (Theron) - Does Division Multiply Desert?", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Roelofs (Luke) - Could a Person Persist as a Pair of Persons", Undated, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Rovane (Carol) - Branching Self-Consciousness", 1990, Internal PDF Link
- "Seibt (Johanna) - Fission, Sameness, and Survival: Parfit’s Branch Line Argument Revisited", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Brown-Brownson Revisited", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Valberg (J.J.) - My Future: The Puzzle of Division", 2007
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - How Many Selves Make Me?", 1991, No Abstract
- "Wright (John) - Personal Identity, Fission and Time Travel", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 108%
- Duplication666
- General:
- "Berglund (Stefan) - Problems of Reductive Personalism", 1995
- "Bourgeois (Warren) - Contemporary Philosophers' Views on Persons: Nozick's Self-Makers", 2003, Read = 5%
- "Carter (William) - Personal Identity", 1990, Note: Reduplication Objection.
- "Johnston (Mark) - Is Heaven a Place We Can Get To?", 2010, Read = 78%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Souls", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 42%
- "Reid (Mark D.) - A Case in Which Two Persons Exist in One Animal", 2016, Read = 42%
- "Seager (William) - The 'Intrinsic Nature' Argument for Panpsychism", 2006, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Personal Identity: a Materialist Account", 1984, Read = 22%, Note: Reduplication Objection.
- "Sidelle (Alan) - Finding an Intrinsic Account of Identity: What is the Source of Duplication Cases?", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Sider (Ted) - Intrinsic Properties", 1996, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Sider (Ted) - Naturalness, Intrinsicality, and Duplication", 1993, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- Twinning667
- General:
- "Barilan (Y. Michael) - One or Two: An Examination of the Recent Case of the Conjoined Twins from Malta", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Brill (H. Skott) - The Future-Like-Ours Argument, Personal Identity, and the Twinning Dilemma", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Campbell (Tim) & McMahan (Jeff) - Animalism and the Varieties of Conjoined Twinning", 2016, Read = 40%
- "Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter) - Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Ford (Norman) - Implantation and the Beginning of a Human Individual", 1988
- "Howsepian (Avak Albert) - Lockwood on human identity and the primitive streak", 1997, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Howsepian (Avak Albert) - Who or What Are We?", 1992, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Conjoined Twins and the Biological Account of Personal Identity", 2006, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Totipotency, Twinning, and Ensoulment at Fertilization", 2006, Internal PDF Link
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - Twinning, Inorganic Replacement, and the Organism View", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Olson (Eric) - The Metaphysical Implications of Conjoined Twining", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Savitt (Steven) - Notes on Adams 'Primitive Thisness and Primitive Identity'", Undated, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Brown-Brownson Revisited", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit) - Sixteen Days", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Steinhart (Eric) - Indiscernible Persons", 2002, Internal PDF Link
- "Tollefsen (Christopher) - Embryos, Individuals, and Persons: An Argument Against Embryo Creation and Research", 2001, Internal PDF Link
- "Wikipedia - Dizygotic (fraternal) twins", 2023, External Link, Read = 50%
- "Wikipedia - Monozygotic (identical) twins", 2023, External Link, Read = 50%
- "Wikipedia - Twin", 2023, External Link, Read = 10%
- Reduplication Objections668
- General:
- "Berglund (Stefan) - Problems of Reductive Personalism", 1995
- "Perry (John) - Williams on The Self and the Future", 2002
- "Seibt (Johanna) - Fission, Sameness, and Survival: Parfit’s Branch Line Argument Revisited", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Minds", 1974
- Fusion
- Fusion669
- General:
- "Hudson (Hud) - On Constitution and All-Fusions", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Lowe (E.J.) - Identity Over Time and Change Of Composition", 2002
- "McGrath (Matthew) - Four-Dimensionalism and the Puzzles of Coincidence", 2007, Footnote670
- "McInerney (Peter K.) - Conceptions of Persons and Persons through Time", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Miller (Kristie) - Issues of Composition", 2007
- "Ord (Toby) - Implications of fission, fusion and teletransportation to a view of personal identity through psychological continuity", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 40%
- "Tanksley (Charley) - The Mereological Constancy Of Masses", 2010, Internal PDF Link
- "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Composition As Identity", 1994, Internal PDF Link
- "Wright (John) - Personal Identity, Fission and Time Travel", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 108%
- Transplants671
- General:
- "Bernecker (Sven) - The Nature of Memory Causation", 2010
- "Munzer (Stephen R.) - Transplantation, Chemical Inheritance, and the Identity of Organs", 1994, Internal PDF Link
- "Northoff (G.) - Do Brain Tissue Transplants Alter Personal Identity? Inadequacies of Some 'Standard' Arguments", 1996, Internal PDF Link
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Strengthening the Rejection of Transplant Arguments", 2014, Read = 6%
- Psychopathology
- Psychopathology672
- General:
- "American Psychiatric Association - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R)", 1987, Book
- "Andrewes (David) - Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice", 2004, Book, Read = 1%
- "Bayne (Tim) & Levy (Neil) - Amputees By Choice: Body Integrity Identity Disorder and the Ethics of Amputation", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Broks (Paul) - Into the Silent Land: Travels in Neuropsychology", 2003, Book, Read = 2%
- "Davies (Martin) & Coltheart (Max) - Pathologies of Belief", 2000, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Davies (Martin), Coltheart (Max), Langdon (Robyn) & Breen (Nora) - Monothematic Delusions: Towards a Two-Factor Account", 2001, Internal PDF Link
- "Davies (Martin), Davies (Anne) & Coltheart (Max) - Anosognosia and the Two-factor Theory of Delusions", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Davis (Joseph E.) - Chemically Imbalanced: Everyday Suffering, Medication, and Our Troubled Quest for Self-Mastery", 2020, Book, Read = 2%
- "Eccles (John) - The Language Centres of the Human Brain", 1977
- "Egan (Andy) & Elga (Adam) - I Can’t Believe I’m Stupid", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Ellis (Andrew) & Young (Andrew) - Human Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Textbook with Readings", 1988 / 1997, Book
- "Esch (Emily) - Review - 'Personal Identity and Fractured Selves: Perspectives from Philosophy, Ethics, and Neuroscience", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Fazio (Sam) - The Enduring Self in People with Alzheimer's: Getting to the Heart of Individualized Care", 2008, Book, Read = 2%
- "Genova (Lisa) - Left Neglected", 2011, Book
- "Gillett (Grant) - You Always Were a Bastard", 2002, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Gold (Natalie) & Kyratsous (Michalis) - Self and identity in borderline personality disorder - Agency and mental time travel", 2017, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Graham (George) & Stephens (G. Lynn) - Philosophical Psychopathology", 1994, Book, Read = 1%
- "James (Oliver) - Contented Dementia: 24-hour Wraparound Care for Lifelong Well-being", Book
- "Jaworska (Agnieszka) - Respecting the Margins of Agency: Alzheimer's Patients and the Capacity to Value", 1999, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Levitin (Daniel) - The Changing Mind: A Neuroscientist's Guide to Ageing Well", 2020, Book
- "Maibom (Heidi L.) - Moral Unreason: The Case of Psychopathy", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Mathiesen (Birgit Bork) & Weinryb (Robert M.) - Unstable Identity and Prefrontal Injury", 2004, Internal PDF Link
- "Mercer (Jean) - Explaining Personality: Soul Theory versus Behavior Genetics", 2015
- "Nichols (Shaun) & Stich (Stephen) - How to Read Your Own Mind: A Cognitive Theory of Self-Consciousness", 2002, Read = 3%
- "Platts-Mills (Ben) - Tell Me the Planets: Stories of Brain Injury and What It Means to Survive", 2018, Book, Read = 1%
- "Poland (Jeffrey), Von Eckardt (Barbara) & Spaulding (Will) - Problems with the DSM Approach to Classifying Psychopathology", 1994, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Rapp (Brenda), Ed. - The Handbook of Cognitive Neuropsychology: What Deficits Reveal About the Human Mind", 2001, Book
- "Rashed (Mohammed Abouelleil) - In Defense of Madness: The Problem of Disability", 2019, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Reinvang (Ivor) - Amnestic Disorders And Their Role In Cognitive Theory", 1998, Internal PDF Link
- "Sacks (Oliver) - A Leg to Stand On", 2012, Book
- "Sacks (Oliver) - An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales", 1995, Book, Read = 2%
- "Sacks (Oliver) - The Abyss: Music and amnesia", 2007, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Sacks (Oliver) - The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat", 1985, Book, Read = 7%
- "Seeger (Max) - Immunity and Self-Awareness", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Spitzer (Robert), Skodol (Andrew), Gibbon (Miriam) & Williams (Janet) - DSM-III Casebook: A Learning Companion to DSM III", 1981, Book
- "Tammet (Daniel) - Embracing the Wide Sky: A tour across the horizons of the mind", 2009, Book, Read = 1%
- "Tammet (Daniel) - Thinking in Numbers: How Maths Illuminates Our Lives", 2012, Book, Read = 1%
- "Wearing (Deborah) - Forever Today - A Memoir of Love and Amnesia", 2005, Book, Read = 10%
- "Weisman (David) - Dissolution into Death: The Mind’s Last Symptoms Indicate Annihilation", 2015
- Clinical Observations673
- General:
- "Harris (Henry) - An Experimentalist Looks at Identity", 1995, Read = 3%
- "Wegner (Daniel) - The Illusion of Conscious Will", 2002, Book
- Commissurotomy674
- General:
- "Anderson (Robert M.) & Gonsalves (Joseph F.) - Sensory Suppression and the Unity of Consciousness", 1981, No Abstract
- "Baillie (James) - Commissurotomy and the Unity of Mind", 1993
- "Bogen (James) - Further discussion on split-brains and hemispheric capabilities", 1977, Internal PDF Link
- "Bogen (Joseph E.) - Mental Numerosity: Is One Head Better Than Two?", 1981, No Abstract
- "Bradshaw (John L.) - In Two Minds", 1981, No Abstract
- "Brown (Jason) - Structural Levels and Mental Unity", 1981, No Abstract
- "Churchland (Patricia) - How Many Angels … ?", 1981, No Abstract
- "Davidson (Richard) - Cognitive Processing Is Not Equivalent To Conscious Processing", 1981, No Abstract
- "Davis (Lawrence H.) - Cerebral Hemispheres", 1997
- "Dewitt (Larry W.) - Consciousness, Mind, and Self: The Implications of the Split-Brain Studies", 1975, Internal PDF Link
- "Eccles (John) - Mental Dualism and Commissurotomy", 1981, No Abstract
- "Gazzaniga (Michael S.) - The Split Brain Revisited", 1999, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link, Footnote675
- "Gazzaniga (Michael S.) - The split-brain - Rooting consciousness in biology", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Geschwind (Norman) - The Perverseness of the Right Hemisphere", 1981, No Abstract
- "Gillett (Grant) - Brain Bisection and Personal Identity", 1986, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Glover (Jonathan) - Split Brains", 1988
- "Green (Michael) - May We Forget Our Minds For a Moment?", 1981, No Abstract
- "Greenwood (John) - Split-Brains and Singular Personhood", 1993
- "Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.) - Split Brains: No Headache for the Soul Theorist", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Hirsch (Eli) - Divided Minds", 1991, Internal PDF Link
- "Iredale (Mathew) - Your Two Brains", 2009, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link, Read = 67%
- "Joynt (Robert J.) - Are Two Heads Better Than One?", 1981, No Abstract
- "Kinsbourne (Marcel) - Asymmetrical Function of the Brain", 1978, Book
- "LeDoux (Joseph E.) & Gazzaniga (Michael S.) - The Brain and the Split Brain: A Duel With Duality As a Model of Mind", 1981, No Abstract
- "MacKay (Donald) - Divided Brains - Divided Minds", 1989, No Abstract
- "Marks (Charles) - Mental Duality: An Unmade Case", 1981, No Abstract
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Brain Bisection and Personal Identity", 1973, Internal PDF Link
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Mind with a Double Brain", 1993, Internal PDF Link
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Multiple Identity", 1973
- "Puccetti (Roland) - The Case For Mental Duality: Author's Responses + References", 1981
- "Puccetti (Roland) - The Case For Mental Duality: Evidence From Split-Brain Data and Other Considerations", 1981, No Abstract
- "Puccetti (Roland) - The Mute Self: A Reaction to Dewitt's Alternative Account of the Split-Brain Data", 1976, Internal PDF Link
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Two Brains, Two Minds? Wigan's Theory of Mental Duality", 1989, Internal PDF Link
- "Rigterink (Roger J.) - Puccetti and Brain Bisection: An Attempt at Mental Division", 1980, No Abstract
- "Robinson (Denis) - Neurometaphorology: The New Faculty Psychology", 1981, No Abstract
- "Rosen (Victoria) - One Brain. Two Minds? Many Questions", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 100%
- "Sperry (Roger W.) - Hemisphere Deconnection and the Unity in Conscious Awareness", 1968, Read = 11%
- "Sperry (Roger W.) - Some Effects of Disconnecting the Cerebral Hemispheres", 1982, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 117%
- "Thornton (Mark) - Double Brain, Double Person?", 1994, Internal PDF Link
- "Tye (Michael) - Split Brains", 2003
- "Von Eckardt (Barbara) - Puccetti's Mental-Duality Thesis: A Case Of Bad Arguments", 1981, No Abstract
- "Weinstein (Edwin A.) - Extinction and Hemi-Inattention: Their Relation to Commissurotomy", 1981, No Abstract
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Consciousness and Commissurotomy", 1978
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Unfused Homunculi", 1981, No Abstract
- Multiple Personality Disorder676
- General:
- "Apter (Andrew) - The Problem Of Who: Multiple Personality, Personal Identity And The Double Brain", 1991, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Baillie (James) - Degrees of Psychological Integrity", 1993
- "Barilan (Y. Michael) - One or Two: An Examination of the Recent Case of the Conjoined Twins from Malta", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Bayne (Tim) - Moral Status and the Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder", 2002, Internal PDF Link
- "Berglund (Stefan) - Problems of Reductive Personalism", 1995
- "Braude (Stephen) - First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind", 1995, Book, Read = 1%
- "Braude (Stephen) - Multiple Personality and the Structure of the Self", 1990
- "Brown (M.T.) - Multiple Personality and Personal Identity", 2001, Internal PDF Link
- "Graham (George) & Stephens (G. Lynn) - Review of Stephen F. Braude's 'First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind'", 1995, Internal PDF Link
- "Hardcastle (Valerie Gray) & Flanagan (Owen) - Muliplex vs. Multiple Selves: A Note on Distinguishing Dissociative Disorders,", 1999, No Abstract
- "Hilgard (Ernest R.) - Dissociative Phenomena and the Hidden Observer", 1986
- "Humphrey (Nicholas) & Dennett (Daniel) - Speaking for Our Selves: An Assessment of Multiple Personality", 1989
- "Kennett (Jeanette) & Matthews (Steve) - Identity, control and responsibility: the case of Dissociative Identity Disorder", 2002, Internal PDF Link
- "Keyes (Daniel) - The Minds of Billy Milligan: A true and terrifying journey into the mind of a multiple personality", 1981, Book
- "Lizza (John) - Multiple Personality and Personal Identity Revisited", 1993, Internal PDF Link
- "MacIntosh (J.J.) - Adverbs, Identity, and Multiple Personalities", 1992, Read = 11%
- "Mackie (J.L.) - Multiple Personality", 1958, No Abstract
- "Matthews (Steve) - Personal Identity, Multiple Personality Disorder, And Moral Personhood", 1998, Internal PDF Link
- "Radden (Jennifer) - Divided Minds and Successive Selves: Ethical Issues in Disorders of Identity and Personality", 1996, Book, Read = 2%
- "Rovane (Carol) - Review of Jennifer Radden's 'Divided Minds and Successive Selves: Ethical Issues in Disorders of Identity and Personality'", 2000, Internal PDF Link
- "Rovane (Carol) - The Personal Stance", 1994, Internal PDF Link
- "Rovane (Carol) - The Sufficient Condition Is Also Necessary", 1998
- "Rowan (John) - Subpersonalities : the People Inside Us", 1989, Book
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Multiple Personality Disorder", 2014, Read = 33%
- "Tye (Michael) - Split Brains", 2003
- "Wilkes (Kathleen) - Multiple Personality and Personal Identity", 1981, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Williams (Bernard) - Personal Identity and Individuation", 1957, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
Principal Examples - Artificial
- Brain State Transfer677
- General:
- "Agar (Nicholas) - Functionalism and Personal Identity", 2003, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Olson (Eric) - Personal Identity (Stanford, 2015)", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 15%
- "Perry (John) - Williams on The Self and the Future", 2002
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Functionalism and Personal Identity - a Reply", 2004, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Personal Identity: a Materialist Account", 1984, Read = 22%
- Brain Transplants678
- General:
- "Canavero (Sergio) - HEAVEN: The head anastomosis venture Project outline for the first human head transplantation with spinal linkage (GEMINI)", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Canavero (Sergio) - The “Gemini” spinal cord fusion protocol: Reloaded", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Gallois (Andre) - Occasional Identity", 1990, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Gendler (Tamar Szabo) - Exceptional Persons: On the Limits of Imaginary Cases", 1998, Internal PDF Link
- "Guardian Newspaper - First full body transplant is two years away, surgeon claims", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Guardian Newspaper - I'll do the first human head transplant", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Harrison (Jonathan) - A Philosopher's Nightmare or the Ghost Not Laid", 1967, Internal PDF Link
- "Harrison (Jonathan) - How Ludwig Became a Homunculus", 1996, Internal PDF Link
- "Johnston (Mark) - Remnant Persons: Animalism's Undoing", 2016, Read = 15%
- "Larkin (William S.) - Persons, Animals, and Bodies", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Madden (Rory) - Externalism and Brain Transplants", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "New Scientist - First human head transplant could happen in two years", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Northoff (G.) - Do Brain Tissue Transplants Alter Personal Identity? Inadequacies of Some 'Standard' Arguments", 1996, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - Swinburne’s Brain Transplants", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Olson (Eric) - The Remnant-Person Problem", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Brains", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Souls", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 42%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Temporal Parts", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Brain Transplants and Personal Identity", 1969, Internal PDF Link
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Mr. Brennan on Person's Brains", 1970, Internal PDF Link
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Multiple Identity", 1973
- "Puccetti (Roland) - Remembering the Past of Another", 1973, Internal PDF Link
- "Shoemaker (David) - The Stony Metaphysical Heart of Animalism", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 24%
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Persons, Animals, and Identity", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Thinking Animals Without Animalism", 2016, Read = 33%
- "Smart (Brian) - Personal Identity in an Organized Parcel", 1973, Internal PDF Link
- "Snowdon (Paul) - [P & not-A] Cases: An Introduction", 2014, Read = 44%
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Brain Transplants, Animals, and Us", 2014, Read = 13%
- "Snowdon (Paul) - Strengthening the Rejection of Transplant Arguments", 2014, Read = 6%
- "Wikipedia - Central Nervous System", External Link, Read = 33%
- "Wikipedia - Peripheral nervous system", External Link, Read = 50%
- Siliconisation679
- General:
- "Campbell (Neil) - Anomalous Monism", Undated
- "Chalmers (David) - Absent Qualia, Fading Qualia, Dancing Qualia", 1996
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - Twinning, Inorganic Replacement, and the Organism View", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Brains", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Papineau (David) - Prospects for the Scientific Study of Phenomenal Consciousness", 2002, Read = 2%
- Dracula680
- Teletransportation681
- General:
- "Agar (Nicholas) - Functionalism and Personal Identity", 2003, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Bourgeois (Warren) - Contemporary Philosophers' Views on Persons: Parfit: The Oxford Buddhist", 2003, Read = 5%
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Personal Identity and Personal Survival", 1982, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Survival", 1984, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Campbell (Scott) - Persons and Substances", 2001
- "Campbell (Scott) - The Conception of a Person as a Series of Mental Events", 2006, Internal PDF Link
- "Dainton (Barry) - Modes of Incapacitation", 2008
- "Elliot (Robert) - How to Travel Faster than Light", 1981, Internal PDF Link
- "Fuller (Gary) - Functionalism and Personal Identity", 1992, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Gribbin (John) - Schrodinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality", 2003, Book
- "Johnston (Mark) - A New Refutation Of Death", 2010, Read = 3%
- "Johnston (Mark) - Remnant Persons: Animalism's Undoing", 2016, Read = 15%
- "Kihlstrom (John F.), Beer (Jennifer S.) & Klein (Stanley B.) - Self and Identity as Memory", 2002, Internal PDF Link
- "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Bundles", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Ord (Toby) - Implications of fission, fusion and teletransportation to a view of personal identity through psychological continuity", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 40%
- "Parfit (Derek) - A Response (to Gillett - Reasoning About Persons)", 1987
- "Parfit (Derek) - The Unimportance of Identity", 1995, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Parfit (Derek) - We Are Not Human Beings", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 38%
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Functionalism and Personal Identity - a Reply", 2004, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Self and Substance", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Wikipedia - Teleportation", 2023, External Link, Read = 17%
- "Wikipedia - Teletransportation paradox", 2023, External Link, Read = 33%
- Replication682
- General:
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Structure and Survival", 1988
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Survival", 1984, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Survival and Importance", 1987, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Fetzer (James) - Consciousness and Cognition: Semiotic Conceptions of Bodies and Minds", 2002, Read = 4%
- "Harris (Henry) - An Experimentalist Looks at Identity", 1995, Read = 3%
- "Hodgson (David) - The Mind Matters - Consciousness and Choice in a Quantum World", 1991, Book, Read = 1%
- "Kent (Adrian) - Replication Ethics", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Kihlstrom (John F.), Beer (Jennifer S.) & Klein (Stanley B.) - Self and Identity as Memory", 2002, Internal PDF Link
- "Tipler (Frank) - The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead", 1995, Book, Read = 2%
- "Wikipedia - Amoeba (genus)", 2023, External Link, Read = 25%
- "Wikipedia - Cytokinesis", 2023, External Link, Read = 17%
- "Wikipedia - Mitosis", 2023, External Link, Read = 8%
Transhumanism
- Transhumanism683
- Core Text:
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - The Transhumanist Reader", 2013, Book, Read = 6%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Biopolitics and Policy - Introduction", 2013, Read = 133%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Core Technologies - Introduction", 2013, Read = 133%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Engines of Life: Identity and Beyond Death - Introduction", 2013, Read = 100%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Enhanced Decision-Making - Introduction", 2013, Read = 100%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Future Trajectories: Singularity - Introduction", 2013, Read = 167%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Human Enhancement: The Cognitive Sphere - Introduction", 2013, Read = 167%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Human Enhancement: The Somatic Sphere - Introduction", 2013, Read = 100%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: Roots and Core Themes - Introduction", 2013, Read = 233%
- "More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - Transhumanism: The World's Most Dangerous Idea - Introduction", 2013, Read = 100%
- Core Text - Papers:
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Why I Want to be a Posthuman When I Grow Up", 2013
- "Brin (David), Broderick (Damien), Bostrom (Nick), Chislenko (Alexander), Hanson (Robin), More (Max), Etc. - A Critical Discussion of Vinge's Singularity Concept", 2013
- "Broderick (Damien) - Trans and Post", 2013
- "Clark (Andy) - Re-Inventing Ourselves: The Plasticity of Embodiment, Sensing, and Mind", 2013
- "Goertzel (Ben) - Artificial General Intelligence and the Future of Humanity", 2013
- "Hall (J. Storrs) - Nanocomputers", 2013
- "Hughes (James) - Transhumanism and Personal Identity", 2013
- "Koene (Randal A.) - Uploading to Substrate-Independent Minds", 2013
- "Kurzweil (Ray) & Drexler (K. Eric) - Dialogue between Ray Kurzweil and Eric Drexler", 2013
- "Merkle (Ralph C.) - Uploading", 2013
- "Moravec (Hans) - Pigs in Cyberspace", 2013
- "More (Max) - A Letter to Mother Nature", 2013
- "More (Max) - The Philosophy of Transhumanism", 2013
- "Prisco (Giulio) - Transcendent Engineering", 2013
- "Rose (Michael R.) - Immortalist Fictions and Strategies", 2013
- "Sandberg (Anders) & Bostrom (Nick) - Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap", 2008, Internal PDF Link
- "Vinge (Vernor) - Technological Singularity", 2013, No Abstract
- General:
- "Agar (Nicholas) - Enhancing Humananity", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Agar (Nicholas) - Whereto Transhumanism?: The Literature Reaches a Critical Mass", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Alexander (Denis) - Enhancing humans or a new creation?", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Alexander (Denis) - Healing, enhancement and the human future", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Anton (Roman) - Re-evaluation of artificial intelligence engine alpha zero", 2007, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 25%
- "Awad (Edmond), Etc. - The Moral Machine experiment", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Christianity and the Extended-Mind Thesis", 2012, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
- "Ball (Matthew ) - The Metaverse: What It Is, Where to Find it, Who Will Build It, and Fortnite", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Barazzetti (Gaia) & Reichlin (Massimo) - Life Extension and Personal Identity", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 42%
- "Bekh (Olena) & Dingley (James) - Complete Ukrainian Beginner to Intermediate Course", 2012, Book, Read = 12%
- "Binstock (Robert H.) - Anti-Aging Medicine and Research: A Realm of Conflict and Profound Societal Implications", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Boloni (Ladislau) - From the philosophy of personal identity to the laws of agent societies", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Boorse (Dorothy) - Anti-Aging: Radical Longevity, Environmental Impacts, and Christian Theology", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?", 2003, No Abstract
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Dignity and Enhancement", 2007, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Infinite Ethics", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 2%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies", 2014, Book, Read = 4%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 100%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - The Future of Humanity", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - The Simulation Argument: Reply to Weatherson", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Bostrom (Nick) - The Transhumanist FAQ - A General Introduction", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 9%
- "Bostrom (Nick) - Where Are They? Why I hope the search for extraterrestrial life finds nothing", 2008, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Bostrom (Nick) & Sandberg (Anders) - The Wisdom of Nature: An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Bostrom (Nick) & Savulescu (Julian) - Human Enhancement Ethics: The State of the Debate", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Bostrom (Nick) & Yudkowsky (Eliezer) - The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Bostrom (Nick), Dafoe (Allan) & Flynn (Carrick) - Policy Desiderata for Superintelligent AI: A Vector Field Approach", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Bridle (James) - New Dark Age: Technology and the End of the Future", 2018, Book, Read = 4%
- "Bringsjord (Selmer) & Zenzen (Michael) - Superminds: People Harness Hypercomputation, and More", 2003, Book
- "Cerullo (Michael A.) - Uploading and Branching Identity", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 133%
- "Chalmers (David) - The Singularity: A philosophical analysis", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Cholbi (Michael), Etc. - John Templeton Foundation - Immortality Project Research Review", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Christen (Markus), Etc. - An Evaluation Schema for the Ethical Use of Autonomous Robotic Systems in Security Applications", 2017-8, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Contera (Sonia) - Nano Comes to Life", 2019, Book, Read = 1%
- "da Cunha (Rui Vieira) - Will I ever Be a Cyborg?", 2020, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit", 2014, Book, Read = 7%
- "DiGiovanna (James) - Fission, Fusion, and the Real World", Undated, Internal PDF Link, Read = 14%
- "DiGiovanna (James) - Identity: Difficulties, Discontinuities and Pluralities of Personhood", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Edgar (Brian) - A New Immortality? Reflections on Genetics, Human Aging and the Possibility of Unlimited Lifespan", 1999, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Fetzer (James) - Computers and Cognition - Why Minds are not Machines", 2001, Book
- "Foroohar (Rana) - Don't Be Evil: How Big Tech Betrayed Its Founding Principles - And All of Us", 2019, Book, Read = 1%
- "Fry (Hannah) - Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine", 2018, Book, Read = 2%
- "Gavaghan (Colin) - A whole new... you? ‘Personal identity’, emerging technologies and the law", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Gibson (Margaret) & Carden (Clarissa) - Living and Dying in a Virtual World: Digital Kinships, Nostalgia, and Mourning in Second Life", 2018, Book, Read = 1%
- "Goertzel (Ben) - Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild Computing, Distributed Digital Consciousness, And The Emerging Global Brain", 2002, Book
- "Grau (Christopher) - Philosophers Explore 'The Matrix'", 2005, Book, Read = 8%
- "Hanson (Robin) - The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth", 2016, Book, Read = 5%
- "Hayworth (Kenneth) - Killed by bad philosophy: Why brain preservation followed by mind uploading is a cure for death", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kaku (Michio) - Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos", 2006, Book, Read = 1%
- "Kaku (Michio) - Physics of the Future: The Inventions That Will Transform Our Lives", 2012, Book, Read = 1%
- "Kaku (Michio) - Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration of the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation and Time Travel", 2009, Book, Read = 1%
- "Kaku (Michio) - Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century", 1999, Book, Read = 1%
- "Kent (Adrian) - Replication Ethics", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Koene (Randal) & Deca (Diana) - Whole Brain Emulation seeks to Implement a Mind and its General Intelligence through System Identification", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Kofoed-Ottesen (Mathias) - Really Good Lives (in the machine)? An onto-epistemological argument against Nozick’s Experience Machine", 2021, Internal PDF Link, Read = 83%
- "Kurzweil (Ray) - ‘I Married a Computer’: An Exchange (between Ray Kurzweil and John Searle)", 1999, External Link
- "Kurzweil (Ray) - The Age of Spiritual Machines", 1999, Book
- "Lachs (John) - Persons and Technology", 1985, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - Twinning, Inorganic Replacement, and the Organism View", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Madary (Michael) - Intentionality and virtual objects: the case of Qiu Chengwei’s dragon sabre", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Madary (Michael) & Metzinger (Thomas) - Real Virtuality: A Code of Ethical Conduct", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 14%
- "Marshall (Richard) & Metzinger (Thomas) - Thomas Metzinger: All About the Ego Tunnel", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Maxmen (Amy) - A moral map for AI cars", 2018, External Link, Read = 100%
- "Midgley (Mary) - Evolution as a Religion - Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears", 1995, Book, Read = 2%
- "Moore (Adrian W.) - Is the quest for immortality worse than death?", 2019, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Oderberg (David) - Could There Be a Superhuman Species?", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Olson (Eric) - The Central Dogma Of Transhumanism", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 67%
- "Ord (Toby) - The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity", 2020, Book
- "Otsuka (Michael) - Personal Identity, Substantial Change, and the Significance of Becoming", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 25%
- "Proudfoot (Diane) - Facts about Artificial Intelligence", 1999, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Proudfoot (Diane) - How Human Can They Get? Review of The Age of Spiritual Machines by Ray Kurzweil", 1999, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Quach (Katyanna) - Checkmate: DeepMind's AlphaZero AI clobbered rival chess app on non-level playing, er, board", 2017, External Link, Read = 73%
- "Richmond (Alasdair) - Immortality and Doomsday", 2004, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Sandberg (Anders) - An Overview of Models of Technological Singularity", 2013
- "Schneider (Susan) - Artificial You", 2019, Book, Read = 7%
- "Schwitzgebel (Eric) & Garza (Mara) - A Defense of the Rights of Artificial Intelligences", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
- "Searle (John) - ‘I Married a Computer’: An Exchange (between Ray Kurzweil and John Searle)", 1999, Internal PDF Link
- "Seung (Sebastian) - Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are", 2012, Book, Read = 2%
- "Silver (David), Hassabis (Demis), Etc. - Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
- "Silver (David), Hassabis (Demis), Etc. - Mastering the Game of Go without Human Knowledge", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
- "Smith (Wilfred Cantwell) - The Promise of Artificial Intelligence", 2019, Book, Read = 2%
- "Susskind (Daniel) - A World Without Work: Technology, Automation and How We Should Respond", 2020, Book, Read = 2%
- "Tegmark (Max) & Bostrom (Nick) - How Unlikely is a Doomsday Catastrophe?", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Weatherson (Brian) - Are You a Sim?", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Wheeler (Tim Allan) - AlphaGo Zero - How and Why it Works", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Wilmott (Paul) - Machine Learning: An Applied Mathematics Introduction", 2019, Book, Read = 3%
- Nearby Hopes
- Chimeras684
- General:
- "Streiffer (Robert) - Human/Non-Human Chimeras", 2009-14, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
- "Wikipedia - Chimera (Genetics)", External Link, Read = 25%
- "Wikipedia - Chimera (Mythology)", External Link, Read = 50%
- "Wikipedia - Hybrid (Biology)", External Link, Read = 33%
- "Wikipedia - Hybridoma Technology", External Link, Read = 100%
- "Wikipedia - Microchimerism", External Link, Read = 50%
- "Wikipedia - Mule", External Link, Read = 33%
- Cyborgs685
- General:
- "Alexander (Denis) - Enhancing humans or a new creation?", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Baycrtz (Kurt) - Human Nature: How Normative Might it Be?", 2003, Internal PDF Link
- "Clark (Andy) - Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence", 2003, Book, Read = 1%
- "Clark (Andy) - Re-Inventing Ourselves: The Plasticity of Embodiment, Sensing, and Mind", 2013
- "Clark (Andy) - That Special Something: Dennett on the Making of Minds and Selves", 2002
- "CSC WG - Human Enhancement – A Discussion Document", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "da Cunha (Rui Vieira) - Will I ever Be a Cyborg?", 2020, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "DeGrazia (David) - Enhancement Technologies and Human Identity", 2005, Internal PDF Link
- "Kaku (Michio) - The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance and Empower the Mind (YouTube Lecture)", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 56%
- "Liao (S. Matthew) - Twinning, Inorganic Replacement, and the Organism View", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Miah (Andy) - Justifying Human Enhancement: The Accumulation of Biocultural Capital", 2013
- "Puccetti (Roland) - The Conquest of Death", 1976, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Wikipedia - Cyborg", 2023, External Link, Read = 14%
Far Off Hopes
- Uploading686
- General:
- "Agar (Nicholas) - Whereto Transhumanism?: The Literature Reaches a Critical Mass", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Cerullo (Michael A.) - Uploading and Branching Identity", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 133%
- "Chalmers (David) - The Singularity: A philosophical analysis", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Corabi (Joseph) & Schneider (Susan) - The Metaphysics of Uploading", 2012, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Dainton (Barry) - Future Selves", 2014, No Abstract
- "Hayworth (Kenneth) - Killed by bad philosophy: Why brain preservation followed by mind uploading is a cure for death", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Koene (Randal A.) - Uploading to Substrate-Independent Minds", 2013
- "Merkle (Ralph C.) - Uploading", 2013
- "Prisco (Giulio) - Transcendent Engineering", 2013
Computers687
General:
- "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Why Computers Can't Act", 1981, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
- "Barberousse (Anouk), Francescelli (Sara) & Imbert (Cyrille) - Computer Simulations as Experiments", 2008?, Internal PDF Link
- "Barbour (Ian) - Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence, and Human Nature: Theological and Philosophical Reflections", 2000, External Link
- "Bechtel (William) - The Case For Connectionism", 1999
- "Blackmon (James), Byrd (David), Cummins (Robert), Poirier (Pierre), Schwarz (Georg) & Roth (Martin) - Systematicity and the Cognition of Structured Domains", 2001, Internal PDF Link
- "Block (Ned) - The Computer Model of the Mind", 1995, No Abstract
- "Block (Ned) - The Mind as the Software of the Brain", 1998, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%, Footnote688
- "Brennan (Andrew) - Survival", 1984, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
- "Bynum (Terrell Ward) - Audio: Two Philosophers of the Information Age", 2009, Read = 67%
- "Campbell (Scott) - Persons and Substances", 2001
- "Churchland (Paul) & Churchland (Patricia) - Could a Machine Think?", 1990, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Cole (David) - Artificial Intelligence and Personal Identity", 1991, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
- "Cummins (Robert) - Systematicity", 1996, Internal PDF Link
- "Davies (Martin) - Connectionism, Modularity, and Tacit Knowledge", 1989, Internal PDF Link
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Artifactual Selves: a Response to Lynne Rudder Baker", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Dennett (Daniel) - When Hal Kills, Who's to Blame? Computer Ethics", 1997, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Dennett (Daniel) - Why You Can't Make a Computer that Feels Pain", 1997, Internal PDF Link
- "Ellis (George F.R.) & Drossel (Barbara) - How Downwards Causation Occurs in Digital Computers", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Fetzer (James) - Computers and Cognition", 2005
- "Fodor (Jerry) - Connectionism and the Problem of Systematicity (Continued): Why Smolensky's Solution Still Doesn't Work", 1996, No Abstract
- "Frigg (Roman) & Reiss (Julian) - The Philosophy of Simulation: Hot New Issues or Same Old Stew?", 2008?, Internal PDF Link, Footnote689
- "Garson (James) - Connectionism", 1997-2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
- "Gelernter (David) - Mirror Worlds", 1991, Book, Read = 1%
- "Gelernter (David) - The Muse in the Machine - Computers and Creative Thought", 1994, Book, Footnote690
- "Goertzel (Ben) - Artificial General Intelligence and the Future of Humanity", 2013
- "Graham (George) - Mind and Belief in Computers", 1998, Read = 29%
- "Hauser (Larry) - Artificial Intelligence", 2007, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Hofstadter (Douglas) - Who Shoves Whom around inside the Careenium? Or What Is the Meaning of the Word 'I'?", 1982, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
- "Kaess (Genevieve) - Could Consciousness Emerge from a Machine Language?", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kim (Jaegwon) - Mind as a Computer: Machine Functionalism", 1998, Read = 19%
- "Leiber (Justin) - Can Animals and Machines Be Persons? : Introduction, Setting, Notes & Reading List", 1985
- "Lewis (David) - Lucas Against Mechanism", 1969, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Lewis (David) - Lucas Against Mechanism II", 1979, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
- "Lucas (J.R.) - Minds, Machines and Gödel", 1961, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
- "MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham), Eds. - Connectionism: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Vol. 2", 1995, Book, Read = 3%
- "Matthews (Robert) - Can Connectionists Explain Systematicity?", 1997
- "McCarthy (John) - Awareness and understanding in computer programs. A Review of Shadows of the Mind by Roger Penrose", 1995, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Nagel (Thomas) - Searle: Why We Are Not Computers", 1995, Read = 13%
- "Olson (Eric) - Computer-Generated Life", 1997, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Parker (Wendy) - Does Matter Really Matter? Computer Simulations, Experiments, and Materiality", 2008?, Internal PDF Link, Footnote691
- "Pollock (John L.) - How to Build a Person: A Prolegomenon", 1989, Book, Read = 4%
- "Pollock (John L.) - Practical Reasoning in Oscar", 1995, Internal PDF Link
- "Pollock (John L.) - The Building of Oscar", 1988, Internal PDF Link
- "Pollock (John L.) - What Am I? Virtual Machines and the Mind/Body Problem", 2008, Internal PDF Link
- "Rapaport (William J.) - Prolegomena to a Study of Hector-Neri Castaneda's Influence on Artificial Intelligence: A Survey and Personal Reflections", 1998, Internal PDF Link
- "Sadler (Matthew) & Regan (Natasha) - Game Changer: AlphaZero's Groundbreaking Chess Strategies and the Promise of AI", 2019, Book, Read = 3%
- "Sandberg (Anders) & Bostrom (Nick) - Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap", 2008, Internal PDF Link
- "Sanford (David H.) - Where Was I?", 1981, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Searle (John) - ‘I Married a Computer’: An Exchange (between Ray Kurzweil and John Searle)", 1999, Internal PDF Link
- "Searle (John) - Can Computers Think?", 1984, Read = 17%, Footnote692
- "Searle (John) - Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program?", 1990, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%, Footnote693
- "Searle (John) - Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? MIT Comments", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Searle (John) - The Rediscovery of the Mind", 1994, Book, Read = 15%
- "Simons (Geoff) - Are Computers Alive? Evolution and New Life Forms", 1983, Book, Read = 2%
- "Smolensky (Paul) - Connectionist Modelling; Neural Computation / Mental Connections", 1997, No Abstract
- "Steele (Guy L.) - Comments on Hofstadter's 'Who Shoves Whom around inside the Careenium?'", 1982, Internal PDF Link
- "Turing (Alan) - On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem", 1937, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Wilensky (Robert) - Computers, cognition and philosophy", 1980, Read = 33%
Androids694
AI:
- "Meincke (Anne Sophie) - Bio-Agency and the Possibility of Artificial Agents", 2018, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
Machines:
- "Churchland (Paul) & Churchland (Patricia) - Could a Machine Think?", 1990, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Kaess (Genevieve) - Could Consciousness Emerge from a Machine Language?", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link
- "Leiber (Justin) - Can Animals and Machines Be Persons? : A Dialogue", 1985, Book, Footnote695
- "Pollock (John L.) - How to Build a Person: A Prolegomenon", 1989, Book, Read = 4%
- "Putnam (Hilary) - Robots: Machines or Artificially Created Life?", 1964, Internal PDF Link
- "Robinson (Guy) - How to Tell Your Friends From Machines", 1972, Internal PDF Link
In-Page Footnotes:
Footnote 3:
- The hyperlinks in this Introduction – as in the other Chapter Introductions – are intended to help motivate the various Notes used in the construction of the Chapter.
- So, a link appears once and once only per Note in the Note Hierarchy below, and appears – as far as possible – in the order of the Hierarchy, even if this is not its first mention.
- Links to other Notes are omitted in the Chapter Introduction, but appear passim in the Main Text.
Footnote 41:
- This Note will be excluded from the Reading List for this Chapter.
- It is included in the Reading List for Chapter 8.
Footnote 49:
- This Note will be excluded from the Reading List for this Chapter.
- It is included in the Reading List for Chapter 2.
Footnote 246:
- I have DSM3
→ "American Psychiatric Association - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R)", and
→ "Spitzer (Robert), Skodol (Andrew), Gibbon (Miriam) & Williams (Janet) - DSM-III Casebook: A Learning Companion to DSM III",
- But the latest edition is DSM5 (May 18, 2013).
- See Wikipedia: DSM.
Footnote 576:
- See the section on Research Methodology for what is to be done with these.
Footnote 591:
- This is even less relevant than Nussbaum – being a novel. It raises ethical questions in a futuristic situation.
Footnote 600: Footnote 609: Footnote 611:
- MPD is referenced in my comments only!
Footnote 617:
- While mostly about other matters, this article reminds us that “brains and bodies develop together”, so simply removing a brain and trying to plug it into another body won’t necessarily work, however good we are at the wiring.
Footnote 619: Footnote 622:
- Tye seems to be discussing brain-partition, with silicon transceivers. But he uses Unger’s term “zippering”.
- He is indebted to Arnold Zuboff, who may be worth following up.
Footnotes 625, 634, 641:
- Also look through other works by Andy Clark to get a handle on what he means by 'patterns in information space'.
Footnote 627: Footnote 628:
- This is a useful head-count on contemporary philosophers’ views on surviving teletransportation.
- See my comment therein.
Footnote 630:
- Restrict a close reading to Part 3 (Personal Identity).
Footnote 637:
- Some vaguely interesting historical background.
Footnote 642: Footnote 644:
- I’ve read this book, but it’s insufficiently philosophical for its arguments – such as they are – to be worth considering as a priority.
Footnote 645: Footnote 647: Footnote 652:
- This paper is of much wider import than TEs, but it shows a famous TE in action, together this trenchant criticisms and defences thereof.
Footnotes 654, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661:
- Philosophy of mathematics & logic.
Footnote 655:
- I’ve not listed the individual papers in this book.
Footnote 664:
- This book is concerned with the ethics of medical cloning, so is mostly tangential to my concerns.
- However, the items in Part I: Science, and Part II: Commentary are likely to be of use.
Footnote 670:
- This looks like an important paper, which rejects the “proofs” of 4D based on the “coincidence” TEs.
Footnote 675: Footnote 688: Footnote 689:
- This paper no doubt considers the use of computers for simulating situations other than minds, so might not be directly relevant.
Footnote 690: Footnote 691:
- This seems somewhat tangential, as it’s not focused on simulating persons, but it might be useful background.
Footnote 692: Footnote 693: Footnote 695:
- This is very elementary, but short and maybe entertaining.
Table of the Previous 12 Versions of this Note: (of 14)
Note last updated |
Reading List for this Topic |
Parent Topic |
06/07/2023 00:43:12 |
None available |
Thesis - Introduction |
Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note
To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.
Summary of Notes Citing This Note
Descartes |
Parfit |
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2 |
Status: Thesis Dashboard (2023: September), 2 |
Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction), 2 |
Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues) |
Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View) |
Thesis - Introduction |
Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 |
|
To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.
Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note
Author |
Title |
Medium |
Extra Links |
Read? |
Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction) |
Paper  |
2 |
Yes |
Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues) |
Paper  |
|
Yes |
Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View) |
Paper  |
|
Yes |
Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Descartes |
Paper  |
|
Yes |
Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Introduction & Chapter Outlines |
Paper  |
|
Yes |
Todman (Theo) |
Thesis - Parfit |
Paper  |
|
Yes |
References & Reading List
Author |
Title |
Medium |
Source |
Read? |
Aamodt (Caitlin) |
On shared false memories: what lies behind the Mandela effect? |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 15 February, 2017 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - A brief history of melancholy |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 04 March 2021 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - A is for autism |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 21 March 2022 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Abductees |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 06 April 2022 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Composite |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 11 April 2022 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Devil in the room |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 04 April 2014 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Do I see what you see? |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 22 April 2020 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Don't think twice |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 26 November 2020 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Letting you go |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 16 May 2016 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Norman, norman |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 31 January 2020 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Nyctophobia |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 02 February 2021 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - Out of mind |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 21 June 2021 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - The Boltzmann brain paradox |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 06 October 2022 |
Yes |
Aeon |
Video - You've never been completely honest |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 21 April 2022 |
Yes |
Agar (Nicholas) |
Cloning and Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Volume 28, Number 1, February 2003, pp. 9-26(18). |
7% |
Alanen (Lilli) |
Descartes, Conceivability and Logical Modality |
Paper - Cited |
Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Ed. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey, 1991 |
No |
American Psychiatric Association |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) |
Book - Cited  |
American Psychiatric Association - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) |
No |
Andrewes (David) |
Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice |
Book - Cited  |
Andrewes (David) - Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice |
1% |
Antony (Louise M.) |
Philosophers without Gods: Meditations on Atheism and the Secular Life |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
30% |
Baggini (Julian) |
Life-and-death thought experiments are correctly unsolvable |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 17 January, 2017 |
Yes |
Baillie (James) |
Problems in Personal Identity |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
45% |
Baillie (James) |
Problems in Personal Identity: In Conclusion |
Paper - Cited  |
Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity, 1993, Conclusion |
Yes |
Baillie (James) |
Problems in Personal Identity: Preface |
Paper - Cited  |
Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity, 1993, Preface |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Big-Tent Metaphysics |
Paper - Cited  |
Abstracta Special Issue I – 2008 (Brazil) |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Embryos and StemCell Research |
Paper - Cited  |
UMass Magazine, Spring 2006 |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Personal Identity Over Time |
Paper - Cited |
Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 5 |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Precis of 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View' |
Paper - Cited  |
Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
Reply to Garrett |
Paper - Cited |
Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View" |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder) |
What Am I? |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Mar99, Vol. 59 Issue 1, p151, 9p; |
Yes |
Baker (Lynne Rudder), Etc. |
E-Symposium on 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View' |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Ball (Philip) |
Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Mechanics is ... Different |
Book - Cited  |
Ball (Philip) - Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Mechanics is ... Different |
Yes |
Ball (Philip) |
How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life |
Book - Cited  |
Ball (Philip) - How to Grow a Human: Reprogramming Cells and Redesigning Life |
Yes |
Baskin-Sommers (Arielle) |
Psychopaths have feelings: can they learn how to use them? |
Paper - Cited |
Aeon, 18 July, 2017 |
Yes |
Beck (Simon) |
Back To The Self And The Future |
Paper - Cited  |
South African Journal of Philosophy, Aug98, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p211, 15p; |
Yes |
Bekh (Olena) & Dingley (James) |
Complete Ukrainian Beginner to Intermediate Course |
Book - Cited |
Bekh (Olena) & Dingley (James) - Complete Ukrainian Beginner to Intermediate Course |
12% |
Benson (Ophelia) |
This Isn't My Body |
Paper - Cited  |
From "Think" Website / The Philosopher's Magazine, 2005. |
Yes |
Black (Melissa) |
Unboxing mental health |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 6 July 2020 |
Yes |
Blatti (Stephan) |
Animalism, Dicephalus, and Borderline Cases |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Psychology 20 (2007): 595–608 |
Yes |
Block (Ned) |
What Intuitions about Homunculi Don't Show |
Paper - Cited  |
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Volume 3 - Issue 3 - September 1980, pp. 425-426 |
Yes |
Bond (Michael) |
We are wayfinders |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 6 April 2020 |
Yes |
Bostrom (Nick) |
Are You Living in a Computer Simulation? |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Quarterly, 2003, Vol. 53, No. 211, pp. 243-255 |
Yes |
Bostrom (Nick) |
Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies |
Book - Cited  |
Bostrom (Nick) - Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies |
4% |
Bostrom (Nick) |
The Simulation Argument: Reply to Weatherson |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Quarterly, 2005, Vol. 55, No. 218, pp. 90-97 |
No |
Bourget (David) & Chalmers (David) |
The PhilPapers Surveys: What Do Philosophers Believe? |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Studies: Vol. 170, No. 3 (September 2014), pp. 465-500 |
Yes |
Braude (Stephen) |
First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind |
Book - Cited  |
Braude (Stephen) - First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind |
1% |
Brennan (Andrew) |
Survival |
Paper - Cited  |
Synthese June 1984; 59: 339-362 |
5% |
Bridle (James) |
New Dark Age: Technology and the End of the Future |
Book - Cited  |
Bridle (James) - New Dark Age: Technology and the End of the Future |
4% |
Bringsjord (Selmer) & Zenzen (Michael) |
Superminds: People Harness Hypercomputation, and More |
Book - Cited |
Bringsjord (Selmer) & Zenzen (Michael) - Superminds: People Harness Hypercomputation, and More |
No |
Broks (Paul) |
Into the Silent Land: Travels in Neuropsychology |
Book - Cited  |
Broks (Paul) - Into the Silent Land: Travels in Neuropsychology |
2% |
Broks (Paul) |
Unholy anorexia |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 16 April 2020 |
Yes |
Campbell (Scott) |
Can You Survive a Brain-Zap |
Paper - Cited  |
Theoria, 2004; 70(1): 22-27 |
Yes |
Canavero (Sergio) |
HEAVEN: The head anastomosis venture Project outline for the first human head transplantation with spinal linkage (GEMINI) |
Paper - Cited  |
Surgical Neurology International, June 13, 2013 |
11% |
Canavero (Sergio) |
The “Gemini” spinal cord fusion protocol: Reloaded |
Paper - Cited  |
Surgical Neurology International, February 3, 2015 |
17% |
Carruthers (Peter) |
Autism as Mind-Blindness: an Elaboration and Partial Defence |
Paper - Cited |
Carruthers & Smith - Theories of Theories of Mind |
Yes |
Carruthers (Peter) & Smith (Peter), Eds. |
Theories of Theories of Mind |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Carter (William) |
Artifacts of Theseus: Fact and Fission |
Paper - Cited  |
Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61.3 (September 1983) |
Yes |
Christian (Brian) |
The Most Human Human: A Defence of Humanity in the Age of the Computer |
Book - Cited  |
Christian (Brian) - The Most Human Human: A Defence of Humanity in the Age of the Computer |
Yes |
Clark (Andy) |
Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence |
Book - Cited  |
Clark (Andy) - Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence |
1% |
Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence) |
Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 19 August, 2019 |
Yes |
Cockburn (David), Ed. |
Human Beings |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
7% |
Cohnitz (Daniel) |
Personal Identity and the Methodology of Imaginary Cases |
Paper - Cited  |
Petrus - On Human Persons, 2003 |
Yes |
Contera (Sonia) |
Nano Comes to Life |
Book - Cited  |
Contera (Sonia) - Nano Comes to Life |
1% |
Dainton (Barry) |
Self: Philosophy In Transit |
Book - Cited  |
Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit |
7% |
Dainton (Barry) |
Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue |
Paper - Cited  |
Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit, Prologue |
Yes |
David (Anthony) |
Patient, know thyself: how insight helps to treat psychosis |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 16 March 2020 |
Yes |
Davis (Joseph E.) |
Chemically Imbalanced: Everyday Suffering, Medication, and Our Troubled Quest for Self-Mastery |
Book - Cited  |
Davis (Joseph E.) - Chemically Imbalanced: Everyday Suffering, Medication, and Our Troubled Quest for Self-Mastery |
2% |
Davis (Joseph E.) |
Let’s avoid talk of ‘chemical imbalance’: it’s people in distress |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 14 July 2020 |
Yes |
Dennett (Daniel) |
Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
43% |
Dennett (Daniel) |
The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul: Introduction |
Paper - Cited  |
Hofstadter & Dennett - The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul |
Yes |
Dennett (Daniel) |
Where Am I? |
Paper - Cited  |
Dennett - Brainstorms - Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology, Chapter 17, 1978 |
Yes |
DePaul (Michael) & Ramsey (William) |
Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry |
Book - Cited |
DePaul (Michael) & Ramsey (William) - Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry |
0% |
Durán (Juan M.) |
Computer simulations in science and engineering: Concepts, Practices, Perspectives |
Book - Cited  |
Durán (Juan M.) - Computer simulations in science and engineering: Concepts, Practices, Perspectives |
1% |
Dworkin (Andrea) |
Sasha |
Paper - Cited |
Nussbaum & Sunstein - Clones and Clones |
Yes |
Ehring (Douglas) |
Personal Identity and Time Travel |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Studies, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Nov., 1987), pp. 427-433 |
Yes |
Ellis (Andrew) & Young (Andrew) |
Human Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Textbook with Readings |
Book - Cited  |
Ellis (Andrew) & Young (Andrew) - Human Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Textbook with Readings |
No |
Ellis (Brian) |
Australasian Journal of Philosophy - 61.3 (September 1983) |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
83% |
Epstein (Robert) |
The empty brain |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 18 May, 2016 |
Yes |
Evans (Bonnie) |
The autism paradox |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 8 January 2018 |
Yes |
Falk (Dan) |
Armchair science |
Paper - Cited |
Aeon, 20 December, 2017 |
Yes |
Fazio (Sam) |
The Enduring Self in People with Alzheimer's: Getting to the Heart of Individualized Care |
Book - Cited  |
Fazio (Sam) - The Enduring Self in People with Alzheimer's: Getting to the Heart of Individualized Care |
2% |
Feldman (Fred) |
Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Feldman (Fred) |
The Enigma of Death |
Paper - Cited  |
Feldman - Confrontations with the Reaper, Chapter 4 |
Yes |
Fetzer (James) |
Computers and Cognition - Why Minds are not Machines |
Book - Cited |
Fetzer (James) - Computers and Cognition - Why Minds are not Machines |
No |
Foroohar (Rana) |
Don't Be Evil: How Big Tech Betrayed Its Founding Principles - And All of Us |
Book - Cited  |
Foroohar (Rana) - Don't Be Evil: How Big Tech Betrayed Its Founding Principles - And All of Us |
1% |
Foulkes (Lucy) |
Ever taken pleasure in another’s pain? That’s ‘everyday sadism’ |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 10 June 2020 |
Yes |
Frankish (Keith) |
What do you really believe? Take the Truth-Demon Test |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 19 January, 2018 |
Yes |
Fricker (Miranda) & Hornsby (Jennifer), Eds. |
The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
2% |
Fry (Hannah) |
Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine |
Book - Cited  |
Fry (Hannah) - Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine |
2% |
Funkhouser (Eric) |
Metaphysics, Spring 2014 |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
94% |
Funkhouser (Eric) |
Notes on Williams, 'The Self and the Future' |
Paper - Cited  |
Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014 |
Yes |
Gale (Richard) |
On Some Pernicious Thought-Experiments |
Paper - Cited  |
Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Ed. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey, 1991 |
Yes |
Garrett (Brian) |
Fission |
Paper - Cited  |
Garrett - Personal Identity and Self-consciousness, 1998, Chapter 4 |
Yes |
Garrett (Brian) |
Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Garrett, Brian (1998, 2004). Personal identity. Retrieved December 22, 2005 |
Yes |
Garrett (Brian) |
Personal Identity and Self-consciousness |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Garrett (Brian) |
The Problem (of Personal Identity) and Its Place in Philosophy |
Paper - Cited  |
Garrett - Personal Identity and Self-consciousness, 1998, Chapter 1 |
Yes |
Gasser (Georg) & Stefan (Matthias), Eds. |
Personal Identity: Complex or Simple? |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
4% |
Gasser (Georg), Ed. |
Personal Identity and Resurrection: How Do We Survive Our Death? |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
95% |
Gelernter (David) |
Mirror Worlds |
Book - Cited  |
Gelernter (David) - Mirror Worlds |
1% |
Gelernter (David) |
The Muse in the Machine - Computers and Creative Thought |
Book - Cited  |
Gelernter (David) - The Muse in the Machine - Computers and Creative Thought |
0% |
Genova (Lisa) |
Left Neglected |
Book - Cited  |
Genova (Lisa) - Left Neglected |
0% |
Gibson (Margaret) & Carden (Clarissa) |
Living and Dying in a Virtual World: Digital Kinships, Nostalgia, and Mourning in Second Life |
Book - Cited  |
Gibson (Margaret) & Carden (Clarissa) - Living and Dying in a Virtual World: Digital Kinships, Nostalgia, and Mourning in Second Life |
1% |
Goertzel (Ben) |
Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild Computing, Distributed Digital Consciousness, And The Emerging Global Brain |
Book - Cited |
Goertzel (Ben) - Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild Computing, Distributed Digital Consciousness, And The Emerging Global Brain |
No |
Graham (George) |
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
17% |
Graham (George) |
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction - Preface |
Paper - Cited  |
Graham (George) - Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction, Preface |
Yes |
Graham (George) & Stephens (G. Lynn) |
Philosophical Psychopathology |
Book - Cited  |
Graham (George) & Stephens (G. Lynn) - Philosophical Psychopathology |
1% |
Grau (Christopher) |
Philosophers Explore 'The Matrix' |
Book - Cited  |
Grau (Christopher) - Philosophers Explore 'The Matrix' |
8% |
Gribbin (John) |
Schrodinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality |
Book - Cited  |
Gribbin (John) - Schrodinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality |
0% |
Guardian Newspaper |
First full body transplant is two years away, surgeon claims |
Paper - Cited  |
Guardian Newspaper (Ian Sample), 25/02/15 |
No |
Guardian Newspaper |
I'll do the first human head transplant |
Paper - Cited  |
Guardian Newspaper (Tom Lamont), 03/10/15 |
11% |
Haggqvist (Soren) |
Thought Experiments In Philosophy |
Book - Cited |
Haggqvist (Soren) - Thought Experiments In Philosophy |
No |
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) |
Aeon: A-B (& General) |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
100% |
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) |
Aeon: C-F |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
51% |
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) |
Aeon: G-K |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
31% |
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) |
Aeon: L-P |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
33% |
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) |
Aeon: Q-S |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
30% |
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) |
Aeon: T-Z |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
21% |
Hale (Sheila) |
The Man Who Lost His Language |
Book - Cited  |
Hale (Sheila) - The Man Who Lost His Language |
Yes |
Hanson (Robin) |
The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth |
Book - Cited  |
Hanson (Robin) - The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth |
5% |
Happe (Francesca) |
Autistic people shouldn’t have to use ‘camouflage’ to fit in |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 9 June 2020 |
Yes |
Harari (Yuval Noah) |
Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow |
Book - Cited  |
Harari (Yuval Noah) - Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow |
Yes |
Harris (John) |
Clones, Genes and Immortality: Ethics and Genetics |
Book - Cited  |
Harris (John) - Clones, Genes and Immortality: Ethics and Genetics |
1% |
Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne), Eds. |
Persistence : Contemporary Readings |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
30% |
Hawley (Katherine) |
Fission, Fusion and Intrinsic Facts |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (forthcoming, issue dated November 2005) |
Yes |
Hazlett (Allan) |
Disassembly and Destruction |
Paper - Cited  |
The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 418-433 |
Yes |
Hecker (Bruce) |
How do Whales and Dolphins Sleep Without Drowning? |
Paper - Cited  |
Scientific American, 2nd February 1998 |
Yes |
Hershenov (David) |
Countering the Appeal of the Psychological Approach to Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophy - 79, Jul2004, Issue 309, p447-474, 28p; |
Yes |
Hershenov (David) |
Van Inwagen, Zimmerman, and the Materialist Conception of Resurrection |
Paper - Cited  |
Religious Studies, 38 pp. 1-19 (December 2002) |
11% |
Hetherington (Stephen) |
Gettier Problems |
Paper - Cited  |
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Last updated: August 19, 2005 |
Yes |
Heyes (Cecilia M.) |
Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking |
Book - Cited  |
Heyes (Cecilia M.) - Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking |
Yes |
Hirsch (Eli) |
Dividing Reality |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
3% |
Hirsch (Eli) |
Dividing Reality: Preface |
Paper - Cited  |
Hirsch - Dividing Reality, 1993, Preface |
Yes |
Hodgson (David) |
The Mind Matters - Consciousness and Choice in a Quantum World |
Book - Cited  |
Hodgson (David) - The Mind Matters - Consciousness and Choice in a Quantum World |
1% |
Hofstadter (Douglas) & Dennett (Daniel), Eds. |
The Mind's I - Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
14% |
Horowitz (Tamara) & Massey (Gerald J.) |
Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy |
Book - Cited  |
Horowitz (Tamara) & Massey (Gerald J.) - Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy |
3% |
Ishiguro (Kazuo) |
Never Let Me Go |
Book - Cited  |
Ishiguro (Kazuo) - Never Let Me Go |
Yes |
James (Oliver) |
Contented Dementia: 24-hour Wraparound Care for Lifelong Well-being |
Book - Cited  |
James (Oliver) - Contented Dementia: 24-hour Wraparound Care for Lifelong Well-being |
No |
James (Susan) |
Feminism in Philosophy of Mind: The Question of Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Fricker & Hornsby - The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy, 2000 |
Yes |
Johnston (Mark) |
Human Beings |
Paper - Cited  |
Journal of Philosophy, Volume 84, Issue 2 (Feb 1987), 59-83 |
Yes |
Kaku (Michio) |
Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos |
Book - Cited  |
Kaku (Michio) - Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos |
1% |
Kaku (Michio) |
Physics of the Future: The Inventions That Will Transform Our Lives |
Book - Cited  |
Kaku (Michio) - Physics of the Future: The Inventions That Will Transform Our Lives |
1% |
Kaku (Michio) |
Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration of the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation and Time Travel |
Book - Cited  |
Kaku (Michio) - Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration of the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation and Time Travel |
1% |
Kaku (Michio) |
The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest To Understand, Enhance and Empower the Mind |
Book - Cited  |
Kaku (Michio) - The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest To Understand, Enhance and Empower the Mind |
Yes |
Kaku (Michio) |
Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century |
Book - Cited  |
Kaku (Michio) - Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century |
1% |
Kazez (Jean) |
Life Doesn't Begin at Conception |
Paper - Cited  |
The Philosophers' Magazine, 3rd November 2017 |
Yes |
Kazez (Jean) |
The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Kazez (Jean) |
The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children |
Paper - Cited  |
Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children |
Yes |
Kenny (Anthony) |
Reason and Intuition |
Paper - Cited |
Kenny - Descartes, 1968, Chapter 8 |
Yes |
Keyes (Daniel) |
The Minds of Billy Milligan: A true and terrifying journey into the mind of a multiple personality |
Book - Cited  |
Keyes (Daniel) - The Minds of Billy Milligan: A true and terrifying journey into the mind of a multiple personality |
No |
Kind (Amy) |
Imagination is a powerful tool: why is philosophy afraid of it? |
Paper - Cited |
Aeon, 01 September, 2017 |
Yes |
Kingma (Elselijn) |
Were You Part of Your Mother? |
Paper - Cited  |
Mind, Volume 128, Issue 511, July 2019, Pages 609–646 |
Yes |
Kinsbourne (Marcel) |
Asymmetrical Function of the Brain |
Book - Cited  |
Kinsbourne (Marcel) - Asymmetrical Function of the Brain |
No |
Kurtz (Roxanne) |
Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem? |
Paper - Cited  |
Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne) - Persistence : Contemporary Readings |
Yes |
Kurzweil (Ray) |
The Age of Spiritual Machines |
Book - Cited  |
Kurzweil (Ray) - The Age of Spiritual Machines |
No |
Leiber (Justin) |
Can Animals and Machines Be Persons? : A Dialogue |
Book - Cited  |
Leiber (Justin) - Can Animals and Machines Be Persons? : A Dialogue |
No |
Lerner (Berel Dov) |
Review of 'Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction' by David Shoemaker |
Paper - Cited  |
Metapsychology Online Reviews, Jun 16th 2009 (Volume 13, Issue 25) |
Yes |
Leslie (Grace) |
Video - Neurosymphony |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 18 October 2019 |
Yes |
Levitin (Daniel) |
The Changing Mind: A Neuroscientist's Guide to Ageing Well |
Book - Cited  |
Levitin (Daniel) - The Changing Mind: A Neuroscientist's Guide to Ageing Well |
0% |
Liao (S. Matthew) |
The Organism View Defended |
Paper - Cited  |
The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 334-350 |
Yes |
Limburg (Joanne) |
Am I disabled? |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 10 December 2020 |
Yes |
Lockwood (Michael) |
When Does a Life Begin? |
Paper - Cited  |
Lockwood - Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine, 1987 |
Yes |
Lockwood (Michael), Ed. |
Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
29% |
Long (Douglas) |
The Bodies of Persons |
Paper - Cited  |
Journal of Philosophy 71, No. 10 (May 30, 1974), 291-301 |
Yes |
MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham), Eds. |
Connectionism: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Vol. 2 |
Book - Cited  |
MacDonald (Cynthia) & MacDonald (Graham), Eds. - Connectionism: Debates in Psychological Explanation - Vol. 2 |
3% |
Mackie (David) |
Personal Identity and Dead People |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Studies 95, Number 3, September 1999, pp. 219-242(24). |
Yes |
Marks (Charles) |
Commissurotomy, Consciousness and Unity of Mind |
Book - Cited  |
Marks (Charles) - Commissurotomy, Consciousness and Unity of Mind |
Yes |
Marshall (Richard) |
Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
37% |
Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) |
Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands |
Paper - Cited  |
Marshall (Richard) - Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers |
Yes |
Martin (L. Michael) & Augustine (Keith) |
The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
15% |
Martin (Raymond) & Barresi (John), Eds. |
Personal Identity |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
13% |
Midgley (Mary) |
Evolution as a Religion - Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears |
Book - Cited  |
Midgley (Mary) - Evolution as a Religion - Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears |
2% |
Miller (Kenneth D.) |
Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain? |
Paper - Cited  |
NY Times, 11th October 2015 |
Yes |
Mitchell (David X.) |
Almost everything I’d been told about my son’s autism was wrong |
Paper - Cited |
New Statesman, 06 July 2017 |
Yes |
More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) |
The Transhumanist Reader |
Book - Cited  |
More (Max) & Vita-More (Natasha) - The Transhumanist Reader |
6% |
Mulgan (Tim) |
Critical Notice of Jeff McMahan's The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life |
Paper - Cited  |
Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Sep2004, Vol. 34 Issue 3, p443-459, 17p |
Yes |
Nagel (Thomas) |
Brain Bisection and the Unity of Consciousness |
Paper - Cited  |
Nagel (Thomas) - Mortal Questions, 1979 |
Yes |
Nagel (Thomas) |
Mortal Questions |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Nagel (Thomas) |
Mortal Questions: Preface |
Paper - Cited  |
Nagel (Thomas) - Mortal Questions, 1979 |
Yes |
New Scientist |
First human head transplant could happen in two years |
Paper - Cited  |
New Scientist (Helen Thomson), 25/02/15 |
17% |
Noonan (Harold) |
Animalism versus Lockeanism: Reply to Mackie |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Quarterly, 2001, Vol. 51 Issue 202, p83, 8p |
Yes |
Noonan (Harold) |
Identity and Determinacy |
Paper - Cited  |
Noonan - Personal Identity, 2003, Chapter 6 |
Yes |
Noonan (Harold) |
Personal Identity |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Noonan (Harold) |
Persons, Animals and Human Beings |
Paper - Cited  |
Noonan - Personal Identity, 2003, Chapter 11 |
Yes |
Noonan (Harold) |
The Reduplication Problem |
Paper - Cited  |
Noonan - Personal Identity, 2003, Chapter 7 |
Yes |
Noonan (Harold) |
The Self and the Future |
Paper - Cited  |
Noonan - Personal Identity, 2003, Chapter 10 |
Yes |
Nussbaum (Martha) & Sunstein (Cass R.) |
Clones and Clones - Introduction |
Paper - Cited  |
Nussbaum & Sunstein - Clones and Clones |
Yes |
Nussbaum (Martha) & Sunstein (Cass), Eds. |
Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies About Human Cloning |
Book - Cited  |
Nussbaum (Martha) & Sunstein (Cass), Eds. - Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies About Human Cloning |
4% |
O'Connell (Mark) |
To be a Machine |
Book - Cited  |
O'Connell (Mark) - To be a Machine |
Yes |
Odegard (Douglas) |
Personal and Bodily Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Quarterly, 1969, 69-71 |
Yes |
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. |
Philosophy - 79/309 (July 2004) |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
24% |
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. |
Philosophy - 81/316 (April 2006) |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited) |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
18% |
Olson (Eric) |
Animalism and the Remnant-Person Problem |
Paper - Cited  |
J. Fonseca and J. Gonçalves, eds., Philosophical Perspectives on the Self, Peter Lang 2015: 21-40 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Human People Or Human Animals |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophical Studies 80:159-181, 1995 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Immanent Causation and Life After Death |
Paper - Cited  |
Gasser (Georg) - Personal Identity and Resurrection: How Do We Survive Our Death? 2010 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave |
Paper - Cited  |
Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 2, Chapter 19, 2015: 409-423 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson) |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
16% |
Olson (Eric) |
Persistence |
Paper - Cited  |
The Human Animal, September 1999, Chapter 2, pp. 22-41 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Psychology and Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
The Human Animal, September 1999, Chapter 1, pp. 7-21 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
The Human Animal - Personal Identity Without Psychology |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Was Jekyll Hyde? |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 66, Number 2, 1 March 2003, pp. 328-348(21) |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Why I Have No Hands |
Paper - Cited  |
Theoria 61 (1995): 182-197 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric) |
Why We Need Not Accept the Psychological Approach |
Paper - Cited  |
The Human Animal, September 1999, Chapter 3, pp. 42-72 |
Yes |
Olson (Eric), Etc. |
Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal' |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Ord (Toby) |
The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity |
Book - Cited  |
Ord (Toby) - The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity |
0% |
Papineau (David) |
The Importance of Philosophical Intuition |
Paper - Cited  |
Backdoor Broadcasting Company; Metaphilosophical Directions for the 21st Century - 11 December 2009 |
Yes |
Parfit (Derek) |
Reasons and Persons |
Book - Cited  |
Parfit (Derek) - Reasons and Persons |
Yes |
Parfit (Derek) |
What We Believe Ourselves To Be |
Paper - Cited  |
Parfit - Reasons and Persons, January 1986, pp. 199-219(21). |
Yes |
Parkin (Alan) |
Cognitive Neuropsychology as a Science |
Paper - Cited |
Parkin - Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1996, Chapter 1 |
Yes |
Parkin (Alan) |
Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Book - Cited  |
Parkin (Alan) - Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Yes |
Parkin (Alan) |
The Split Brain |
Paper - Cited  |
Parkin - Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1996, Chapter 6 |
Yes |
Perry (John) |
A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality |
Book - Cited  |
Perry (John) - A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality |
Yes |
Petrus (Klaus), Ed. |
On Human Persons |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
73% |
Pierre (Joseph) |
A mad world |
Paper - Cited |
Aeon, 19 March, 2014 |
Yes |
Pinto (Yair) |
When you split the brain, do you split the person? |
Paper - Cited |
Aeon, 26 September, 2017 |
Yes |
Platts-Mills (Ben) |
Tell Me the Planets: Stories of Brain Injury and What It Means to Survive |
Book - Cited  |
Platts-Mills (Ben) - Tell Me the Planets: Stories of Brain Injury and What It Means to Survive |
1% |
Pollock (John L.) |
How to Build a Person: A Prolegomenon |
Book - Cited  |
Pollock (John L.) - How to Build a Person: A Prolegomenon |
4% |
Potter (Harry), Shears (Tara), Carlisle (Clare) & Broks (Paul) |
Audio: How Can I Know Anything at All? |
Paper - Cited  |
BBC Website, 2015 |
Yes |
Pritchard (Duncan) |
What do you know? What is Knowledge? And Do We Have Any? |
Paper - Cited  |
Ward (Dave), Pritchard (Duncan), Massimi (Michela), Lavelle (Suilin), Chrisman (Matthew), Hazlett (Allan) & Richmond (Alasdair) - Introduction to Philosophy, 2013 |
Yes |
Radden (Jennifer) |
Divided Minds and Successive Selves: Ethical Issues in Disorders of Identity and Personality |
Book - Cited  |
Radden (Jennifer) - Divided Minds and Successive Selves: Ethical Issues in Disorders of Identity and Personality |
2% |
Rapp (Brenda), Ed. |
The Handbook of Cognitive Neuropsychology: What Deficits Reveal About the Human Mind |
Book - Cited  |
Rapp (Brenda), Ed. - The Handbook of Cognitive Neuropsychology: What Deficits Reveal About the Human Mind |
No |
Regis (Ed) |
Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly over the Edge |
Book - Cited  |
Regis (Ed) - Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly over the Edge |
Yes |
Rey (Georges) |
Meta-atheism: Religious Avowal as Self-Deception |
Paper - Cited  |
Antony (Louise M.) - Philosophers without Gods |
Yes |
Roache (Rebecca) |
A Defence of Quasi-Memory |
Paper - Cited  |
Philosophy - 81/316 (April 2006), pp. 323-356 |
Yes |
Robinson (Denis) |
Can Amoebae Divide Without Multiplying? |
Paper - Cited  |
Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 63.3, Sept. 1985, 299-319 |
Yes |
Rosen (Victoria) |
One Brain. Two Minds? Many Questions |
Paper - Cited  |
Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education, 2018 Spring; 16(2): R48–R50 |
No |
Rowan (John) |
Subpersonalities : the People Inside Us |
Book - Cited  |
Rowan (John) - Subpersonalities : the People Inside Us |
No |
Sacks (Oliver) |
A Leg to Stand On |
Book - Cited  |
Sacks (Oliver) - A Leg to Stand On |
No |
Sacks (Oliver) |
An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales |
Book - Cited  |
Sacks (Oliver) - An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales |
2% |
Sacks (Oliver) |
The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat |
Book - Cited  |
Sacks (Oliver) - The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat |
7% |
Sadler (Matthew) & Regan (Natasha) |
Game Changer: AlphaZero's Groundbreaking Chess Strategies and the Promise of AI |
Book - Cited  |
Sadler (Matthew) & Regan (Natasha) - Game Changer: AlphaZero's Groundbreaking Chess Strategies and the Promise of AI |
3% |
Savulescu (Julian) |
Should a human-pig chimera be treated as a person? |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 14 July, 2016 |
Yes |
Schechter (Elizabeth) |
What we can learn about respect and identity from ‘plurals’ |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 20 April 2020 |
Yes |
Schechtman (Marya) |
Reidentification: Conclusion |
Paper - Cited  |
Schechtman - The Constitution of Selves, 1996, Conclusion to Part 1 |
Yes |
Schechtman (Marya) |
The Constitution of Selves |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
6% |
Schechtman (Marya) |
The Constitution of Selves: Preface and Introduction |
Paper - Cited  |
Schechtman - The Constitution of Selves, 1996 |
Yes |
Schneider (Susan) |
Artificial You |
Book - Cited  |
Schneider (Susan) - Artificial You |
7% |
Schwyter (Jörg) |
‘Me talk funny’ - A stroke patient’s personal account |
Paper - Cited  |
English Today No. 108, December 2011 |
Yes |
Schwyter (Jörg) |
Losing Language: Multilingualism and Aphasia |
Paper - Cited  |
Babel: The Language Magazine, August 2013 |
Yes |
Searle (John) |
Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? |
Paper - Cited  |
Scientific American 262 (1), January 1990, 20-25 |
17% |
Searle (John) |
Minds, Brains and Science: The 1984 Reith Lectures |
Book - Cited  |
Searle (John) - Minds, Brains and Science: The 1984 Reith Lectures |
Yes |
Searle (John) |
Minds, Brains, and Programs: Author's Response to Peer Review |
Paper - Cited  |
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Volume 3 - Issue 3 - September 1980, pp. 450-457 |
Yes |
Searle (John) |
The Rediscovery of the Mind |
Book - Cited  |
Searle (John) - The Rediscovery of the Mind |
15% |
Searle (John), Etc. |
Minds, Brains, and Programs |
Book - Cited  |
Searle (John), Etc. - Minds, Brains, and Programs |
93% |
Seibt (Johanna) |
Fission, Sameness, and Survival: Parfit’s Branch Line Argument Revisited |
Paper - Cited  |
Metaphysica 1.2 (2000), pp. 95-134 |
No |
Seung (Sebastian) |
Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are |
Book - Cited  |
Seung (Sebastian) - Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are |
2% |
Shand (John) |
Central Issues of Philosophy |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
35% |
Shoemaker (David) |
Moral Issues at the End of Life |
Paper - Cited  |
Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction, 2009, Chapter 6 |
Yes |
Shoemaker (David) |
Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction |
Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)  |
Bibliographical details to be supplied |
Yes |
Shoemaker (David) |
Personal Identity and Immortality |
Paper - Cited  |
Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction, 2009, Chapter 1 |
Yes |
Shoemaker (David) |
Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern |
Paper - Cited  |
Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction, 2009, Chapter 2 |
Yes |
Shoemaker (Sydney) |
Persons and Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Kim & Sosa - A Companion to Metaphysics |
Yes |
Sider (Ted) |
Critical Study of Michael Jubien's Ontology, Modality, and the Fallacy of Reference |
Paper - Cited  |
Nous, 33.2 (June 1999), pp. 284-294 |
Yes |
Sider (Ted) |
Naturalness, Intrinsicality, and Duplication |
Paper - Cited  |
Ted Sider's Website: Sider's unpublished PhD Dissertation. |
3% |
Simons (Geoff) |
Are Computers Alive? Evolution and New Life Forms |
Book - Cited  |
Simons (Geoff) - Are Computers Alive? Evolution and New Life Forms |
2% |
Smith (Barry C.), Broks (Paul), Kennedy (A.L.) & Evans (Jules) |
Audio: What Does It Mean to Be Me? |
Paper - Cited  |
BBC Website, April 2015 |
Yes |
Smith (Wilfred Cantwell) |
The Promise of Artificial Intelligence |
Book - Cited  |
Smith (Wilfred Cantwell) - The Promise of Artificial Intelligence |
2% |
Snowdon (Paul) |
Personal Identity (Lectures 1 - 4) |
Paper - Cited  |
2005? Lecture handouts |
Yes |
Snowdon (Paul) |
Personal Identity and Brain Transplants |
Paper - Cited  |
Cockburn - Human Beings, 1991 |
Yes |
Snowdon (Paul) |
The Self and Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Shand (John) - Central Issues of Philosophy, Chapter 9 |
Yes |
Sorensen (Roy) |
Thought Experiments |
Book - Cited  |
Sorensen (Roy) - Thought Experiments |
4% |
Sorensen (Roy) |
Thought Experiments: Introduction |
Paper - Cited  |
Thought Experiments, Roy A. Sorensen, 1992, Introduction |
Yes |
Spinney (Laura) |
The twin boom |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 18 August 2016 |
Yes |
Spitzer (Robert), Skodol (Andrew), Gibbon (Miriam) & Williams (Janet) |
DSM-III Casebook: A Learning Companion to DSM III |
Book - Cited |
Spitzer (Robert), Skodol (Andrew), Gibbon (Miriam) & Williams (Janet) - DSM-III Casebook: A Learning Companion to DSM III |
No |
Stoker (Bram) |
Dracula |
Book - Cited  |
Stoker (Bram) - Dracula |
2% |
Sunar (Neesa) |
I have no mind's eye: let me try to describe it for you |
Paper - Cited  |
Aeon, 10 February 2021 |
Yes |
Susskind (Daniel) |
A World Without Work: Technology, Automation and How We Should Respond |
Book - Cited  |
Susskind (Daniel) - A World Without Work: Technology, Automation and How We Should Respond |
2% |
Svoboda (Elizabeth) |
The kindled brain |
Paper - Cited |
Aeon, 03 October, 2017 |
Yes |
Swinburne (Richard) |
How To Determine Which Is The True Theory Of Personal Identity |
Paper - Cited  |
Gasser (Georg) & Stefan (Matthias), Eds. - Personal Identity: Complex or Simple? 2012 |
40% |
Tammet (Daniel) |
Embracing the Wide Sky: A tour across the horizons of the mind |
Book - Cited  |
Tammet (Daniel) - Embracing the Wide Sky: A tour across the horizons of the mind |
1% |
Tammet (Daniel) |
Thinking in Numbers: How Maths Illuminates Our Lives |
|