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Personal Identity

Exdurantism

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. What follows is a modified version of a write-up² of the relevant section of "Kurtz (Roxanne) - Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?".
  2. Exdurantism is otherwise known as Stage Theory and Kurtz describes it as analogous to identity between possible worlds. Just as an object might have had incompatible properties – and this is cashed out as a counterpart in a possible world having these properties – so a temporal counterpart stage of the object has them. The objects with incompatible properties are, in both cases, non-identical counterparts of one another. So, the exdurantist then contends that change over time is nothing more than an object and its temporal counterpart having incompatible properties and existing at different moments in the actual world.
  3. Exdurantists have it that an object is numerically identical to a single stage, and is wholly present at the moment it exists. In contrast to Perdurance³, according to Exdurantists, objects persist when they exdure, and exdure by changing over time. An object changes over time, then, when it and a counterpart stage just have incompatible properties. Consequently, an exduring object does not – strictly speaking – survive change⁴.
  4. Just Having (a property) is a term of art. To quote Kurtz: an object just has a property⁵ if and only if no extrinsic facts are relevant to the truth of the proposition that the object has that property. It is a slightly tricky concept, and "Lewis (David) - Rearrangement of Particles: Reply to Lowe" is invoked, which refers to non-relational changes (the example is of changing your shape by sitting, etc.).
  5. The primary proponents of Exdurance are Ted Sider and Katherine Hawley.
  6. Acording to Exdurance, an object undergoes change⁶ when it and a counterpart “just have” incompatible properties. It persists⁷ when it changes over time by standing in the counterpart relation to a stage from a different time. As no single thing has incompatible properties (different stages are different objects), Exdurantism satisfies the demands of consistency. Just how is this “Counterpart Relation” cashed out?
  7. Exdurantism has the advantage over Perdurantism⁸ in that it’s the object itself that “just has” its properties⁹, rather than a (temporal) part of the object. However, just like Perdurantism¹⁰, Exdurantism rules out change¹¹ as is commonly understood. In both cases, it’s just different stages that have the incompatible property, not one and the same whole object.
  8. But, Exdurantism does much worse over survival, in that an exduring object doesn’t survive¹², as the different stages are different objects. At best, an exduring object “continues¹³,¹⁴” in some way, but the momentary stages are no more identical than are links in a chain.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Kurtz (Roxanne) - Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?", 2006, Write-Up Note¹⁵, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read
  2. "Lewis (David) - Rearrangement of Particles: Reply to Lowe", 1988, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
• For a Page of Links¹⁶ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁷, include the following:-
  • General:
    1. "Arnold (Keith) - The Subject of Radical Change", 1978, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Botros (Sophie) - Tense Theory", 2017
    3. "Hawley (Katherine) - How Things Persist: Introduction", 2001
    4. "Kurtz (Roxanne) - Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?", 2006, Write-Up Note¹⁸, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Bundles", 2007, Write-Up Note¹⁹, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Temporal Parts", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁰, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Sider (Ted) - In Favour of Four-Dimensionalism, Part 2: The Best Unified Theory of the Paradoxes of Coincidence", 2003, Annotations
    8. "Wilson (Jack) - Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities", 1999, Annotations
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Balashov (Yuri) - On Stages, Worms, and Relativity", 2002, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Balashov (Yuri) - Time, Fission, Fusion: An Argument against the Block Universe with Endurance", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
    3. "Balashov (Yuri) - Times of our Lives: Negotiating the Presence of Experience", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Braddon-Mitchell (David) & West (Caroline) - Temporal Phase Pluralism", 2001, Footnote₂₁
    5. "Bruntrup (Godehard) - 3.5-Dimensionalism and Survival: A Process Ontological Approach", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    6. "Clark (Michael) - Time Slices of Particular Continuents as Basic Individuals: An Impossible Ontology", 1978, No Abstract
    7. "Eagle (Anthony) - Reply to Stone on Counterpart Theory and Four-dimensionalism", 2007, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Heller, 'Temporal Parts of Four-Dimensional Objects'", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    9. "Gallois (Andre) - Comments on Ted Sider: Four Dimensionalism", 2004, No Abstract
    10. "Haslanger (Sally) - Persistence Through Time", 2003, Read = 6%
    11. "Hawley (Katherine) - David Lewis on Persistence", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 44%
    12. "Hawley (Katherine) - Parts and Stages", 2001
    13. "Hawley (Katherine) - Review of Ted Sider's Four-Dimensionalism", 2006, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    14. "Hawley (Katherine) - Selections from 'How Things Persist'", 2001, Read = 33%
    15. "Hawley (Katherine) - Sticking Stages Together", 2001
    16. "Hirsch (Eli) - Comments on Theodore Sider's Four Dimensionalism", 2004, No Abstract
    17. "Koslicki (Kathrin) - The Crooked Path From Vagueness To Four-Dimensionalism", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Lewis (David) - Rearrangement of Particles: Reply to Lowe", 1988, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    19. "Markosian (Ned) - Two Arguments from Sider's Four Dimensionalism", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Miller (Kristie) - Defining Our Terms", 2007
    21. "Oderberg (David) - The Ontology of Stages (Being the Orthodox/Humean Theory of Identity)", 1993
    22. "Oliver (Alex) - Review of Mark Heller's 'The Ontology of Physical Objects: Four-Dimensional Hunks of Matter'", 1993, No Abstract
    23. "Schmechtig (Pedro) - Zeit und Persistenz", 2006, Internal PDF Link
    24. "Schroer (Robert) - Reductionism in Personal Identity and the Phenomenological Sense of Being a Temporally Extended Self", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    25. "Sider (Ted) - All the World's a Stage", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    26. "Sider (Ted) - Four-Dimensionalism", 1997, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
    27. "Sider (Ted) - Persistence and Parthood Seminar", 1998, Book, Read = 4%, Footnote₂₂
    28. "Sider (Ted) - Temporal Parts", 2007, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 28%
    29. "Sider (Ted) - The Stage View and Temporary Intrinsics", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    30. "Simons (Peter) - How To Exist at a Time When You Have No Temporal Parts", 2000, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 20%
    31. "Varzi (Achille) - Naming The Stages", 2003, Internal PDF Link

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder²³.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 21:

• I’m not sure whether this belongs here, but it looks an interesting paper.

Footnote 22:

• This is itself a reading list, not all of which is strictly relevant to exdurantism.

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Table of the Previous 9 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	5581	Exdurantism
04/05/2022 21:46:05	5200	Exdurantism
11/02/2021 11:29:46	5001	Exdurantism
23/09/2020 10:39:22	3953	Exdurantism
14/07/2018 00:23:02	6085	Exdurantism
15/10/2017 12:11:31	3909	Exdurantism
26/03/2014 19:09:07	3029	Exdurantism
18/12/2010 19:58:05	89	Exdurantism
26/11/2007 23:25:26	84	Exdurantism

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Exdurantism	Persistence

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Change	Closest Continuer	Continuity	Kurtz - Persistence (Introduction)
Note Links Explanation	Olson - What Are We? Bundles	Olson - What Are We? Temporal Parts	Perdurantism	Persistence
Plug Note Apologia	Properties	Survival	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Baker - Personal Identity Over Time	Baker - Persons in the Material World, 2	Baker - Review - Olson - What Are We?	Baker - The Human Animal: Response to Olson	Baker - The Very Idea of Constitution
Endurantism	Kurtz - Persistence (Introduction)	Lewis	Narrative Identity	Olson - What Are We? Animals
Olson - What Are We? Constitution	Olson - What Are We? The Question	Olson - What Are We? What Now?, 2	Perdurantism	Persistence
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5	Properties	Temporary Intrinsics	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?)
Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Thesis - Current Stance	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Time	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Arnold (Keith)	The Subject of Radical Change	Paper	2	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Personal Identity Over Time	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper	2	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Response to Eric Olson	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Very Idea of Constitution	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper		Yes
Balashov (Yuri)	On Stages, Worms, and Relativity	Paper	2
Balashov (Yuri)	Time, Fission, Fusion: An Argument against the Block Universe with Endurance	Paper
Balashov (Yuri)	Times of our Lives: Negotiating the Presence of Experience	Paper
Botros (Sophie)	Tense Theory	Paper		Yes
Bruntrup (Godehard)	3.5-Dimensionalism and Survival: A Process Ontological Approach	Paper
Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence)	Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality	Paper		Yes
Eagle (Anthony)	Reply to Stone on Counterpart Theory and Four-dimensionalism	Paper
Gilmore (Cody)	Time Travel, Coinciding Objects and Persistence	Paper
Haslanger (Sally)	Persistence Through Time	Paper	2
Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne), Eds.	Persistence : Contemporary Readings	Book	2, 3, 4
Hawley (Katherine)	David Lewis on Persistence	Paper
Hawley (Katherine)	How Things Persist	Book	2
Hawley (Katherine)	How Things Persist: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Hawley (Katherine)	Modality	Paper	2
Hawley (Katherine)	Parts and Stages	Paper	2
Hawley (Katherine)	Review of Ted Sider's Four-Dimensionalism	Paper	2
Hawley (Katherine)	Selections from 'How Things Persist'	Paper
Hawley (Katherine)	Sheer Coincidence?	Paper
Kaiserman (Alexander)	Stage Theory and the Personite Problem	Paper
Kurtz (Roxanne)	Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Look (Brandon C.)	The Metaphysics of Material Beings: Constitution, Persistence, and Identity	Paper		Yes
Mellor (D.H.)	Real Time: Introduction and Summary	Paper		Yes
Miller (Kristie)	Defining Our Terms	Paper
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Constitution	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? What Now?	Paper	2	Yes
Rea (Michael)	Four-Dimensionalism	Paper
Schmechtig (Pedro)	Zeit und Persistenz	Paper
Sider (Ted)	All the World's a Stage	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Sider (Ted)	Four-dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time	Book
Sider (Ted)	In Favour of Four-Dimensionalism, Part 2: The Best Unified Theory of the Paradoxes of Coincidence	Paper	2	Yes
Sider (Ted)	Persistence and Parthood Seminar	Paper
Sider (Ted)	The Stage View and Temporary Intrinsics	Paper
Simons (Peter)	How To Exist at a Time When You Have No Temporal Parts	Paper
Taylor (James Stacey)	The Myth of Posthumous Harm	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Endurantism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Lewis	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Narrative Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Perdurantism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Persistence	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Properties	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Temporary Intrinsics	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Time	Paper		Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper		Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Arnold (Keith)	The Subject of Radical Change	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Studies, Vol. 33, No. 4 (May, 1978), pp. 395-401	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper - Referencing	Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 1, pp. 3-88	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper - Referencing	Mind, 117:1120-1122, 2008	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Balashov (Yuri)	On Stages, Worms, and Relativity	Paper - Cited	Time, Reality, and Experience, Craig Callender, ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002	No
Botros (Sophie)	Tense Theory	Paper - Cited	Botros (Sophie) - Truth, Time and History: Part II (Time), Chapter 3	Yes
Botros (Sophie)	Truth, Time and History: A Philosophical Enquiry	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Funkhouser (Eric)	Metaphysics, Spring 2014	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014	94%
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Heller, 'Temporal Parts of Four-Dimensional Objects'	Paper - By Subtopic	Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014	No
Gilmore (Cody)	Time Travel, Coinciding Objects and Persistence	Paper - Referencing	Zimmerman (Dean), Ed. - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3	No
Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne), Eds.	Persistence : Contemporary Readings	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne), Eds. - Persistence : Contemporary Readings	30%
Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne), Eds.	Persistence : Contemporary Readings	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	30%
Hawley (Katherine)	David Lewis on Persistence	Paper - Referencing	Blackwell Companion to David Lewis, edited by Barry Loewer and Jonathan Schaffer, 2015	44%
Hawley (Katherine)	How Things Persist	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hawley (Katherine) - How Things Persist	5%
Hawley (Katherine)	How Things Persist	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	5%
Hawley (Katherine)	How Things Persist	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	5%
Hawley (Katherine)	How Things Persist: Introduction	Paper - Cited	Hawley - How Things Persist, Introduction	Yes
Hawley (Katherine)	How Things Persist: Introduction	Paper - Referencing	Hawley - How Things Persist, Introduction	Yes
Hawley (Katherine)	Parts and Stages	Paper - By Subtopic	Hawley - How Things Persist, Chapter 2	No
Hawley (Katherine)	Sticking Stages Together	Paper - By Subtopic	Hawley - How Things Persist, Chapter 3	No
Kaiserman (Alexander)	Stage Theory and the Personite Problem	Paper - Referencing	Forthcoming (as of May 2019) in Analysis	44%
Kurtz (Roxanne)	Introduction to Persistence: What’s the Problem?	Paper - Cited	Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne) - Persistence : Contemporary Readings	Yes
Lewis (David)	Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	5%
Lewis (David)	Rearrangement of Particles: Reply to Lowe	Paper - Cited	Analysis 48, 1988, pp. 65-72	11%
Mellor (D.H.)	Real Time	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	11%
Mellor (D.H.)	Real Time: Introduction and Summary	Paper - Referencing	Mellor - Real Time, 1981, Introduction	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Bundles	Paper - Cited	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 6 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Constitution	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 3 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Temporal Parts	Paper - Cited	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 5 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? What Now?	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 9 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Sattig (Thomas)	Identity in 4D	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies, Vol. 140, No. 2 (Aug., 2008), pp. 179-195	7%
Sattig (Thomas)	Temporal Parts and Complex Predicates	Paper - By Subtopic	Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 102 (2002), pp. 329-336	11%
Schroer (Robert)	Reductionism in Personal Identity and the Phenomenological Sense of Being a Temporally Extended Self	Paper - By Subtopic	American Philosophical Quarterly 50 (4):339-356 (2013)	6%
Sider (Ted)	All the World's a Stage	Paper - By Subtopic	Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne) - Persistence : Contemporary Readings	11%
Sider (Ted)	Arguments against Four-Dimensionalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Sider - Four-dimensionalism, Chapter 6	6%
Sider (Ted)	Asymmetric Personal Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of the American Philosophical Association (2018) pp. 127-146	6%
Sider (Ted)	Four-Dimensionalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne) - Persistence : Contemporary Readings	3%
Sider (Ted)	Four-dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Sider (Ted) - Four-dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time	12%
Sider (Ted)	Four-Dimensionalism: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Sider - Four-dimensionalism, Introduction	Yes
Sider (Ted)	In Favour of Four-Dimensionalism, Part 1	Paper - By Subtopic	Sider - Four-dimensionalism, Chapter 4	2%
Sider (Ted)	In Favour of Four-Dimensionalism, Part 2: The Best Unified Theory of the Paradoxes of Coincidence	Paper - By Subtopic	Sider - Four-dimensionalism, Chapter 5	Yes
Sider (Ted)	Maximality and Intrinsic Properties	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 63 (2001): 357–364	11%
Sider (Ted)	Persistence and Parthood Seminar	Book - Cited	Sider (Ted) - Persistence and Parthood Seminar	4%
Sider (Ted)	Persistence and Parthood Seminar	Paper - By Subtopic	Ted Sider's Website; Graduate Seminar, Fall 1998	33%
Sider (Ted)	Precis of Four-Dimensionalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research LXVII, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 642-647	17%
Sider (Ted)	Temporal Parts	Paper - By Subtopic	Sider (Ted), Hawthorne (John) & Zimmerman (Dean), Eds. - Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics, 2008	28%
Sider (Ted)	The Stage View and Temporary Intrinsics	Paper - By Subtopic	Haslanger (Sally) & Kurtz (Roxanne) - Persistence : Contemporary Readings	No
Sider (Ted)	Three- and Four-Dimensionalism Stated	Paper - By Subtopic	Sider - Four-dimensionalism, Chapter 3	6%
Sider (Ted), Hawthorne (John) & Zimmerman (Dean), Eds.	Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Sider (Ted), Hawthorne (John) & Zimmerman (Dean), Eds. - Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics	10%
Simons (Peter)	How To Exist at a Time When You Have No Temporal Parts	Paper - Referencing	Monist, Jul2000, Vol. 83 Issue 3, p419, 18p	20%
Taylor (James Stacey)	The Myth of Posthumous Harm	Paper - Referencing	American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2005), pp. 311-322	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Exdurantism	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Varzi (Achille)	Naming The Stages	Paper - By Subtopic	Dialectica 57:4 (2003), 387-412	No
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper - Referencing	Wilson, Jack - Biological Individuality: The identity and Persistence of Living Entities; 1999, Chap. 1, pp. 1-21	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Zimmerman (Dean), Ed.	Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 3	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	10%

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Text Colour Conventions

1. Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2025
2. Mauve: Text by correspondent(s) or other author(s); © the author(s)

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