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Personal Identity

Thinking Animal Argument

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. This argument is otherwise known as the “too many minds” argument, the “too many thinkers” argument, or Olson²’s “master argument”. For many years, Olson has trotted out this argument at every opportunity.
  2. The basic idea is that a human animal³ thinks, and if it is not identical to the person⁴, then we have too many thinkers – the animal⁵ and the person⁶, unless we deny that one or other of them thinks, which is at the least very counter-intuitive.
  3. Additional to this metaphysical problem, we have – Olson says – an epistemological question. Which one are we? The animal or the person?
  4. While I’m inclined to accept animalism⁷, I think this argument fails, and it does the cause for animalism no good by having it as the main argument in its favour.
     1. This form of argument has been used by nihilists⁸ to argue that there are no ordinary things, usually invoking vagueness⁹ and fuzzy boundary considerations. Which of the many cats (give or take a few atoms) is the “real cat”? There’s no principled reason and I can’t know which. So there are no cats, or if there are, I can’t know which of the many cat-a-likes is the real cat. Since there are ordinary things, there must be something wrong with this argument form (though I don’t yet have a strong opinion as to just what it is). I accept Moore’s “two hands” argument – nothing is plainer than that I have two hands, so any metaphysical or epistemological theory that says I haven’t, or can’t know that I have, must have something wrong with it. I do know that there are arguments against the existence of hands and other “arbitrary undetached parts”, so maybe it’s safer to stick to cats. Olson (see "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands"), as well as Peter Van Inwagen (eg. in "Van Inwagen (Peter) - The Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts"), argue against the existence of hands, though van Inwagen is happy with the existence of cats and other organisms, so I need to address their arguments head-on to determine the subtleties thereof.
     2. Baker¹⁰ and other supporters of the Constitution View¹¹ have answers to the argument used as an argument against their view (along the lines of “thinking derivatively”).
     3. There are also resources like “Lewis counting”, as in perdurantism¹² where a “soon to fission¹³” entity is really two entities sharing stages. Our language is fit for purpose.

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  Further Remarks:
  1. I intend to cover this argument in Chapter 6¹⁴ (pro) and Chapter 7¹⁵ (con¹⁶) of my Thesis. It also features in Chapter 9¹⁷ as an argument against¹⁸ the Constitution View¹⁹.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link, Read
  2. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - The Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts", 1981, Internal PDF Link
• For a Page of Links²⁰ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read²¹, include the following:-
  • General:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Blatti (Stephan) - Animalism (SEP)", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Blatti (Stephan) - We Are Animals", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Coliva (Annalisa) - Review of Gasser & Stefan, Eds. - Personal Identity: Complex or Simple?", 2013, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Hershenov (David) - Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'", 2007, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric) - Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands", 2014, External Link
    7. "Noonan (Harold) - Persons, Animals and Human Beings", 2003, Annotations
    8. "Olson (Eric) - An Argument for Animalism", 2003, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Olson (Eric) - Animalism and the Corpse Problem", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Olson (Eric) - Personal Identity", 2003, Annotations
    11. "Olson (Eric) - Personal Identity (Stanford, 2002)", 2002, Annotations, External Link
    12. "Olson (Eric) - Review of P. Snowdon, Persons, Animals, Ourselves", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    13. "Olson (Eric) - The Human Animal: Introduction", 1999
    14. "Olson (Eric) - Thinking Animals and the Constitution View", 2001, Write-Up Note²², Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    15. "Olson (Eric) - Thinking Animals and the Reference of 'I'", 2002, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Olson (Eric) - Warum wir Tiere sind (Why we are animals)", 2003, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Olson (Eric) - What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology", 2007, Book
    18. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Animals", 2007, Write-Up Note²³, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    19. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Brains", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁴, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Bundles", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁵, Internal PDF Link
    21. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Constitution", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁶, Internal PDF Link
    22. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? Souls", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁷, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Olson (Eric) - What Are We? What Now?", 2007, Write-Up Note²⁸, Internal PDF Link
    24. "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'", 2008, Book
    25. "Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern", 2009
    26. "Snowdon (Paul) - The Self and Personal Identity", 2009, Write-Up Note²⁹
    27. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Problems for Animalism", 2008, Write-Up Note³⁰, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Footnote₃₁
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Arnadottir (Steinvor Tholl) - Functionalism and Thinking Animals", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    2. "Blatti (Stephan) - A New Argument for Animalism", 2012, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 67%
    3. "Blatti (Stephan) - Headhunters", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 40%
    4. "Burke (Michael) - Dion, Theon, and the many-thinkers problem", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Hershenov (David) - Animals, Persons and Bioethics", 2008, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
    6. "Hershenov (David) - Are There Too Many Hylomorphic Individuals Thinking about this Life and the Next?", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    7. "Hershenov (David) - Death, Persons, and Sparse Ontologies: The Problem of Too Many Dying Thinkers", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    8. "Hershenov (David) - Persons as Proper Parts of Organisms", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    9. "Hershenov (David) - Shoemaker's Problem of Too Many Thinkers", 2007, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Hershenov (David) - Who Doesn't Have a Problem of Too Many Thinkers?", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    11. "Johansson (Jens) - Animal Ethics", 2016, Read = 28%
    12. "Madden (Rory) - Intention and the Self", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
    13. "Miller (Kristie) - 'Personal identity' minus the persons", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    14. "Noonan (Harold) - Personal pronoun revisionism - asking the right question", 2012, Internal PDF Link, Read = 67%
    15. "Noonan (Harold) - Persons, Animals and Human Beings (2010)", 2002, Read = 10%
    16. "Noonan (Harold) - The Thinking Animal Problem and Personal Pronoun Revisionism", 2010, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Olson (Eric) - Personal Identity (Stanford, 2015)", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 15%
    18. "Olson (Eric) - Self: Personal Identity", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    19. "Olson (Eric) - The Nature of People", 2014, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 25%
    20. "Parfit (Derek) - We Are Not Human Beings", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 38%
    21. "Ray (Greg) - Williamson's Master Argument on Vagueness", 2004, Internal PDF Link, Note: Is it relevant?
    22. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Persons, Animals, and Identity", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    23. "Shoemaker (Sydney) - Thinking Animals Without Animalism", 2016, Read = 33%
    24. "Steward (Helen) - Free Will", 2009, No Abstract
    25. "Sutton (Catherine S.) - The Supervenience Solution to the Too-Many-Thinkers Problem", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    26. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - The Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts", 1981, Internal PDF Link

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder³².

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 31:

• And no-doubt other papers in "Olson (Eric), Etc. - Abstracta Special Issue on 'The Human Animal'".

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Table of the Previous 7 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	6191	Thinking Animal Argument
07/05/2022 19:12:00	5810	Thinking Animal Argument
18/02/2021 01:01:55	4963	Thinking Animal Argument
30/09/2020 16:01:55	3754	Thinking Animal Argument
08/05/2018 19:40:48	5883	Thinking Animal Argument
04/07/2015 13:37:55	3209	Thinking Animal Argument
25/08/2009 14:34:05	84	Thinking Animal Argument

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Thinking Animal Argument	Animalism

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalism	Animalism - Objections	Animals	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Baker
Constitution View	Constitution View - Objections	Fission	Human Animals	Nihilism
Note Links Explanation	Olson	Olson - Persons and Bodies - Response	Olson - What Are We? Animals	Olson - What Are We? Brains
Olson - What Are We? Bundles	Olson - What Are We? Constitution	Olson - What Are We? Souls	Olson - What Are We? What Now?	Perdurantism
Person	Plug Note Apologia	Snowdon - The Self and Personal Identity	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)
Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Vagueness	Works Read - Explanation	Zimmerman - The Human Animal: Objections

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Abbreviations	Animalism	Animalism - Arguments For, 2	Baker - Materialism with a Human Face, 2	Baker - Review - Olson - What Are We?
Baker - The Coherence Of the Idea of Material Constitution	Coincidence	Constitution View - Objections, 2	Corpses	Counting Persons
Mereology	Nihilism	Olson	Olson - Personal Identity - Oxford Bibliographies Online, 2	Olson - What Are We? Animals, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Olson - What Are We? The Question, 2, 3	Olson - What Are We? What Now?	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4	Snowdon - The Self and Personal Identity	Supervenience
Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It), 2	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View), 2, 3, 4
Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Thesis - Current Stance	Thought	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Materialism with a Human Face	Paper	2	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Coherence Of the Idea of Material Constitution	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper	2	Yes
Blatti (Stephan)	A New Argument for Animalism	Paper	2
Blatti (Stephan)	Animalism (SEP)	Paper	2	Yes
Blatti (Stephan)	Headhunters	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Blatti (Stephan)	We Are Animals	Paper	2	Yes
Coliva (Annalisa)	Review of Gasser & Stefan, Eds. - Personal Identity: Complex or Simple?	Paper		Yes
Hershenov (David)	Animals, Persons and Bioethics	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Are There Too Many Hylomorphic Individuals Thinking about this Life and the Next?	Paper	2, 3, 4
Hershenov (David)	Death, Persons, and Sparse Ontologies: The Problem of Too Many Dying Thinkers	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Persons as Proper Parts of Organisms	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper	2	Yes
Hershenov (David)	Shoemaker's Problem of Too Many Thinkers	Paper	2
Hershenov (David)	Who Doesn't Have a Problem of Too Many Thinkers?	Paper	2, 3
Johansson (Jens)	Animal Ethics	Paper
Johnston (Mark)	Remnant Persons: Animalism's Undoing	Paper	2
Madden (Rory)	Intention and the Self	Paper
Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric)	Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Miller (Kristie)	'Personal identity' minus the persons	Paper
Noonan (Harold)	Personal pronoun revisionism - asking the right question	Paper
Noonan (Harold)	Persons, Animals and Human Beings	Paper		Yes
Noonan (Harold)	Persons, Animals and Human Beings (2010)	Paper	2, 3
Noonan (Harold)	The Thinking Animal Problem and Personal Pronoun Revisionism	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Olson (Eric)	Animalism and the Corpse Problem	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Persistence	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity - Oxford Bibliographies Online	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity (Stanford, 2002)	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity (Stanford, 2008)	Paper
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity (Stanford, 2010)	Paper
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity (Stanford, 2015)	Paper
Olson (Eric)	Review of P. Snowdon, Persons, Animals, Ourselves	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Self: Personal Identity	Paper
Olson (Eric)	The Human Animal: Introduction	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	The Nature of People	Paper	2
Olson (Eric)	Warum wir Tiere sind (Why we are animals)	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Constitution	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? What Now?	Paper		Yes
O'Shaughnessy (Brian)	Self-Consciousness and Self-Knowledge	Paper	2
Parfit (Derek)	We Are Not Human Beings	Paper
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern	Paper	2	Yes
Shoemaker (Sydney)	Persons, Animals, and Identity	Paper
Shoemaker (Sydney)	Thinking Animals Without Animalism	Paper
Snowdon (Paul)	Conclusions and Consequences	Paper
Snowdon (Paul)	The Self and Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Sutton (Catherine S.)	The Supervenience Solution to the Too-Many-Thinkers Problem	Paper
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Abbreviations	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism - Arguments For	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 09 (Arguments against the Constitution View)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Coincidence	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Constitution View - Objections	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Corpses	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Counting Persons	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Mereology	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Nihilism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Olson	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Supervenience	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Thought	Paper		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Materialism and the Psychological-continuity Account of Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Précis of Material Beings	Paper		Yes
Zimmerman (Dean)	The Constitution of Persons by Bodies: A Critique of Lynne Rudder Baker’s Theory of Material Constitution	Paper

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Arnadottir (Steinvor Tholl)	Functionalism and Thinking Animals	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Studies, Vol. 147, No. 3 (February 2010), pp. 347-354	22%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Materialism with a Human Face	Paper - Referencing	Corcoran - Soul, Body and Survival, Chapter 10	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper - Referencing	Mind, 117:1120-1122, 2008	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Cited	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder), Etc.	E-Symposium on 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View'	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Baker (Lynne Rudder), Etc. - E-Symposium on 'Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View'	Yes
Blatti (Stephan)	A New Argument for Animalism	Paper - Referencing	Analysis Vol 72, Number 4, October 2012, pp. 685–690	33%
Blatti (Stephan)	Animalism (SEP)	Paper - Cited	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2014	Yes
Blatti (Stephan)	We Are Animals	Paper - Cited	Philosophy for Us, ed. Lenny Clapp (Cognella, 2018), 73-82	Yes
Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds.	Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds. - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity	22%
Coliva (Annalisa)	Review of Gasser & Stefan, Eds. - Personal Identity: Complex or Simple?	Paper - Cited	Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews	Yes
Corcoran (Kevin), Ed.	Soul, Body and Survival: Essays on the Metaphysics of Human Persons	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	99%
Hershenov (David)	Death, Persons, and Sparse Ontologies: The Problem of Too Many Dying Thinkers	Paper - Referencing	American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and Medicine. Forthcoming.	33%
Hershenov (David)	Shoemaker's Problem of Too Many Thinkers	Paper - By Subtopic	Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 80, 2007, 225-36	No
Hershenov (David)	Who Doesn't Have a Problem of Too Many Thinkers?	Paper - By Subtopic	American Philosophical Quarterly, 50:2, April 2013, 203-208	17%
Johnston (Mark)	Remnant Persons: Animalism's Undoing	Paper - By Subtopic	Blatti & Snowdon - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity, 2016: Part I, Chapter 5, pp. 89-127	15%
Madden (Rory)	Thinking Parts	Paper - By Subtopic	Blatti & Snowdon - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity, 2016: Part II, Chapter 9, pp. 180-207	18%
Marshall (Richard)	Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	37%
Marshall (Richard)	Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	37%
Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric)	Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands	Paper - Cited	Marshall (Richard) - Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers	Yes
Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric)	Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands	Paper - Referencing	Marshall (Richard) - Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers	Yes
Martin (Raymond) & Barresi (John), Eds.	Personal Identity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Martin (Raymond) & Barresi (John), Eds. - Personal Identity	13%
Moran (Alexander P.)	Animalism and the Thinking Parts Problem	Paper - By Subtopic	Personal website.	17%
Noonan (Harold)	The Thinking Animal Problem and Personal Pronoun Revisionism	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis, Vol. 70, No. 1 (January 2010), pp. 93-98	No
Olson (Eric)	An Argument for Animalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Barresi - Personal Identity, Chapter 12	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Olson (Eric) - Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson)	16%
Olson (Eric)	Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson)	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	16%
Olson (Eric)	Persistence	Paper - Referencing	The Human Animal, September 1999, Chapter 2, pp. 22-41	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Personal Identity - Oxford Bibliographies Online	Paper - Referencing	Oxford Bibliographies Online / Sheffield University website	Yes
Olson (Eric)	The Human Animal - Personal Identity Without Psychology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	The Human Animal: Introduction	Paper - Referencing	The Human Animal, September 1999, Introduction, pp. 3-7	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Thinking Animals and the Constitution View	Paper - By Subtopic	Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, 2001, e-Symposium on "Persons & Bodies: A Constitution View"	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Thinking Animals and the Reference of 'I'	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Topics 30: 189-208. 2002	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Cited	Olson (Eric) - What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? What Now?	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 9 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Shand (John)	Central Issues of Philosophy	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	35%
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern	Paper - Referencing	Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction, 2009, Chapter 2	Yes
Shoemaker (Sydney)	Thinking Animals Without Animalism	Paper - By Subtopic	Blatti & Snowdon - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity, 2016: Part I, Chapter 6, pp. 128-141	33%
Snowdon (Paul)	The Self and Personal Identity	Paper - Referencing	Shand (John) - Central Issues of Philosophy, Chapter 9	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Thinking Animal Argument	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Materialism and the Psychological-continuity Account of Personal Identity	Paper - Referencing	Van Inwagen - Ontology, Identity and Modality, Part II: Identity, Chapter 9, 1997	Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Ontology, Identity and Modality: Essays in metaphysics	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	17%
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Ontology, Identity and Modality: Essays in metaphysics	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	17%
Van Inwagen (Peter)	The Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts	Paper - Cited	Van Inwagen - Ontology, Identity and Modality, Part II: Identity, Chapter 5, 1981	No

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