Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Life

(Text as at 20/09/2022 11:24:00)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. There are (at least) two sub-topics that fall under this topic:-
     1. Lives: Life as an (extended) event – the career of an individual.
        → See "Wollheim (Richard) - The Thread of Life"
     2. Life: Life as a biological process.
        → See "Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities"
  2. I assume that lives can be had by individuals that do not have (biological) life, but think it unhelpful to talk of non-biological individuals as “alive”, except in a figurative sense.
  3. Life – and its correlate, death² – is a biological process, on which the word of the biologist (maybe as clarified by the philosopher) is final.
  4. I’m open to the idea that alternative biologies – other than the carbon-based exemplar ubiquitous on earth – are possible – or at least conceivable. So, anything sufficiently complex that “can extract energy from its environment, grow, repair damage to its body, and reproduce” is alive (Elliott Sober). We wouldn’t want to deny that aliens are alive, nor – just maybe – sufficiently complex machines of the far future.
  5. I have a question on the “reproductive” requirement above. At most, this must apply to “typical representatives” – else the infertile would not be alive. But – important though reproduction is for evolution³ – I’m not sure why this is essential. Note that computer hardware is unlikely to reproduce – or at least it’s not necessary that it should, as it can be manufactured. However, computer programmes would be able to – this seems to be claimed of AIs, who are hoped to be able to produce improved versions of themselves.
  6. What I object is the notion that computer programmes are – or will eventually be – “alive” in the same sense as organisms are alive, though their hosting computers might be.
  7. I say this by analogy with my thoughts on the supposed consciousness⁴ of computer programs: computer programs can’t be conscious, though the hardware that runs them might be. However, I’m not sure the analogy works, as the “living” is said to be at the program level, and not to involve any physical changes to the computer (other than the usual changes to the contents of memory locations).
  8. So, "Tegmark (Max) - Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence" has – as is indicated by the book’s title – three versions of life, but only Life 1.0 is ‘life’ in my sense; the others are – or impact on – ‘lives’:-
     1. Life 1.0: Biological Evolution⁵ – no hardware or software change within a lifetime.
     2. Life 2.0: Cultural Evolution⁶ – software, but not hardware, change within a lifetime. Learning.
     3. Life 3.0: Technological Evolution⁷ – potential for both software and hardware change within a lifetime.
        
  9. "Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe) - Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology" has recently raised the question whether quantum phenomena⁸ are essential to life. This is not parallel with speculation on the association of quantum phenomena with Consciousness⁹ as it seems to be based on hard science – mechanisms – rather than ‘explaining’ one mystery with another.
  10. So, interesting philosophical questions about Life include:-
      1. Just what is (biological) life?
      2. When does biological life begin? This is presumably an empirical question, the answer to which will vary from species to species.
      3. Are there borderline cases of life?
      4. When does life cease? Again, the answer to this question will be species-dependent.
      5. Can life intermit¹⁰? Does it make sense to say that so-and-so died¹¹ (on the operating table, say) and then revived?
  11. Interesting philosophical questions about Lives include:-
      1. How are lives individuated?
      2. What sort of things can have lives?
      3. How closely coupled is the life of a human organism¹² with the life of a human person¹³?
      4. Can a life lived courtesy of a human organism be continued after the death¹⁴ of that organism?
• For a Page of Links¹⁵ to this Note, Click here. A ludicrously long list, most of it irrelevant. But, it might be worth checking out sometime.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁶, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Borgonie (Gaetan) & Lau (Maggie) - Life goes deeper", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Contera (Sonia) - Engines of life", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Elliot (Natalie) - Origin story", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Laqueur (Thomas) - Ghosts and ghouls haunt the living with a message about life", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "McFadden (Johnjoe) - Life is quantum", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Pross (Addy) - Life’s restlessness", 2014, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Ruse (Michael) - Does life have a purpose?", 2013, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Skibba (Ramin) - To find aliens, we must think of life as we don’t know it", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Skillings (Derek J.) - Life is not easily bounded", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Vedral (Vlatko) - What life wants", 2012, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • General:
    1. "Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe) - Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology", 2015, Book
    2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Cairns-Smith (A.G.) - Seven Clues to the Origin of Life - A Scientific Detective Story", 1985, Book
    4. "Cairns-Smith (A.G.) - Summing up: The Seven Clues", 1985
    5. "Feldman (Fred) - Life-Functional Theories of Life", 1992
    6. "Feldman (Fred) - Vitalist Theories of Life", 1992
    7. "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Lachmann (Michael) & Walker (Sara) - Life ≠ alive", 2019
    9. "Medina (John) - The Clock of Ages - Why we Age; How we Age; Winding Back the Clock", 1996, Book
    10. "Nathan (Marco J.) - Knowing your true age requires more than a swab and calendar", 2022, External Link
    11. "Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology", 2014, Book
    12. "Tegmark (Max) - Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence", 2018, Book
    13. "Velleman (David) - Beyond Price: Essays on Life and Death - Introduction", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities", 1999, Book
    15. "Wollheim (Richard) - Living", 1984, Annotations, No Abstract
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Agar (Nicholas) - Biocentrism and the Concept of Life", 1997, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    2. "Archard (David) - Procreating", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - On the Very Idea of a Form of Life", 1984, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    4. "Bedau (Mark A.) - The Nature of Life", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    5. "Bedau (Mark A.) - The Nature of Life", 1996, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Footnote₁₇
    6. "Butler (J.A.V.) - The Life Process", 1970, Book, Footnote₁₈
    7. "Davies (Paul C.W.) - The Fifth Miracle: Search for the Origins of Life", 1999, Book, Read = 3%
    8. "DiFrisco (James) & Mossio (Matteo) - Diachronic Identity in Complex Life Cycles: An Organizational Perspective", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    9. "Dupre (John) & O'Malley (Maureen A.) - Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism", 2009, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Dyson (Freeman) - Origins of Life", 1999, Book, Read = 6%
    11. "Emilsson (Eyjolfur K.) - On the Length of a Good Life", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    12. "Frossard (Philippe) - The Lottery of Life: The New Genetics and the Future of Mankind", 1991, Book
    13. "Grobstein (Clifford) - The Strategy of Life", 1965, Book, Read = 3%, Note: Another very dated book.
    14. "Hanfling (Oswald), Ed. - Life and Meaning - A Reader", 1987, Book
    15. "Howarth (J.M.) - Review of Wollheim's 'The Thread of Life'", 1987, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Jevons (F.R.) - The Biochemical Approach to Life", 1964, Book, Note: Another very dated book.
    17. "Lemos (Noah) - Assessing Lives", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    18. "Levy (Steven) - Artificial Life: The Quest for a New Creation", 1993, Book, Read = 4%
    19. "Luper (Steven) - Life's Meaning", 2014, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Luper (Steven) - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death: Introduction", 2014, Internal PDF Link, Read = 42%
    21. "Luper (Steven), Ed. - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death", 2014, Book, Read = 5%
    22. "Morioka (Masahiro) - The Concept of Life in Contemporary Japan", 1991, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Noble (Denis) - Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity", 2016, Book, Read = 4%
    24. "Noble (Denis) - The Music of Life: Biology Beyond Genes", 2008, Book, Read = 7%
    25. "Noller (Jorg) - Beyond Animalism and Constitutionalism: The Person as A Form of Life", Undated, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    26. "Oderberg (David) - Synthetic Life and the Bruteness of Immanent Causation", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 12%
    27. "Rose (Steven) - Précis of 'Lifelines: Biology, Freedom, Determinism'", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 50%
    28. "Schrodinger (Erwin) - What is Life?", 1944, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    29. "Schrodinger (Erwin) - What is Life?", 1945, Book, Read = 4%
    30. "Sheldrake (Rupert) - A New Science of Life: The Hypothesis of Formative Causation", 1987, Book, Read = 2%
    31. "Sterelny (Kim) & Griffiths (Paul) - What Is Life?", 1999, Read = 6%
    32. "Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa) & Zalewski (Zbigniew), Eds. - Life: The Human Being between Life and Death", 2000, Book
    33. "Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa), Ed. - The Origins of Life: The Primogenital Matrix Of Life And Its Context", 2000, Book
    34. "Unamuno (Miguel De), Flitch (Crawford J. E.) - The Tragic Sense of Life", 2005, Book, Read = 2%
    35. "Vallverdu (Jordi) & Talanov (Max) - On Importance of Life and Death for Artificial Intelligent Creatures", 2016, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    36. "Varela (Francisco J.) - Patterns of Life: Intertwining Identity and Cognition", 1997, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    37. "Velleman (David) - The Gift of Life", 2008, Internal PDF Link
    38. "Wilson (Edward O.) - The Diversity of Life", 1992, Book
    39. "Wollheim (Richard) - The Thread of Life", 1982, Book, Read = 7%

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in my Thesis, see the following lists of Works Read / Further items:-
  1. Read:-
  2. Further Reading:-
     
• This is mostly a place-holder¹⁹.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 17:

• Not the same as the above paper!

Footnote 18:

• Hailing from 1970, this book is dated, and might only be used as background for the thoughts of philosophers writing about this time.

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Table of the Previous 9 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
07/05/2022 00:44:38	7416	Life
14/02/2021 12:51:50	6591	Life
30/12/2020 10:58:05	5016	Life
28/09/2020 13:06:14	4988	Life
30/11/2019 22:58:05	4795	Life
12/06/2019 11:34:05	3864	Life
11/03/2018 20:19:41	3214	Life
04/07/2014 22:46:34	1674	Life
18/12/2010 19:58:05	89	Life

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
20/09/2022 11:24:00	Life	Person

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Consciousness	Death	Evolution	Human Persons
Intermittent Objects	Life After Death	Note Links Explanation	Organisms	Plug Note Apologia
Quantum Mechanics	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Aeon Papers, 2, 3, 4, 5	Aeon Papers - Summary Document: 2017-2018	Animation, 2	Baker - Persons in the Material World, 2	Biological Criterion
Criteria of Identity	Death, 2, 3	Dracula, 2, 3	Immortality	Information
Johnston - Human Beings	Life After Death	Narrative Identity	Organisms, 2, 3	Persistent Vegetative State
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4	Problem of the Many	Process Metaphysics	Psychological View	Quantum Mechanics
Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Thesis - Current Stance	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper	2	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper		Yes
Dresser (Sam)	How to not fear your death	Paper		Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Life-Functional Theories of Life	Paper		Yes
Goff (Philip)	Galileo's Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness	Book
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper		Yes
Johnston (Mark)	Human Beings	Paper		Yes
Johnston (Mark)	Is Heaven a Place We Can Get To?	Paper
Kaufman (Sharon)	Neither person nor cadaver	Paper		Yes
Lachmann (Michael) & Walker (Sara)	Life ≠ alive	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12	Yes
Nathan (Marco J.)	Knowing your true age requires more than a swab and calendar	Paper		Yes
Papineau (David)	Introducing Consciousness	Paper		Yes
Pross (Addy)	What Is Life?	Paper		Yes
Schechtman (Marya)	Personality and Persistence: The Many Faces of Personal Survival	Paper	2
Shipley (G.J.)	Review of Andy Clark's 'Natural-Born Cyborgs'	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animation	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Biological Criterion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 01 (Introduction)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Criteria of Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Death	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dracula	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Immortality	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Information	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Life After Death	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Narrative Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Organisms	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Persistent Vegetative State	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Problem of the Many	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Process Metaphysics	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Psychological View	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Quantum Mechanics	Paper		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Dualism and Materialism: Athens and Jerusalem?	Paper		Yes
Vedral (Vlatko)	Decoding Reality: The Universe as Quantum Information	Book
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper	2	Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Agar (Nicholas)	Biocentrism and the Concept of Life	Paper - Cited	Ethics, Vol. 108, No. 1 (Oct., 1997), pp. 147-168	11%
Alexander (Denis)	Creation or Evolution: Do We Have to Choose?	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Alexander (Denis) - Creation or Evolution: Do We Have to Choose?	Yes
Alexander (Denis)	The Origin of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Alexander (Denis) - Creation or Evolution: Do We Have to Choose? 2008, Chapter 16	Yes
Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe)	Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology	Book - Cited	Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe) - Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology	Yes
Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe)	Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology	Paper - By Subtopic	Al-Khalili (Jim) & McFadden (Johnjoe) - Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology	Yes
Archard (David)	Procreating	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 14	8%
Atkinson (Basil F.C.)	Life and Immortality: An Examination of the Nature and Meaning of Life and Death as they are revealed in the Scriptures	Book - Referenced	Atkinson (Basil F.C.) - Life and Immortality: An Examination of the Nature and Meaning of Life and Death as they are revealed in the Scriptures	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	On the Very Idea of a Form of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Inquiry, 27:277–89, 1984	8%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper - Referencing	Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 1	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Bedau (Mark A.)	The Nature of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 1	6%
Bedau (Mark A.)	The Nature of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Margaret Boden, ed., 1996, The Philosophy of Artificial Life (Oxford University Press), pp. 332-357	No
Borgonie (Gaetan) & Lau (Maggie)	Life goes deeper	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 24 November, 2017	Yes
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View	Book - By Subtopic	Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View	4%
Butler (J.A.V.)	The Life Process	Book - Cited	Butler (J.A.V.) - The Life Process	No
Cairns-Smith (A.G.)	Seven Clues to the Origin of Life - A Scientific Detective Story	Book - Cited	Cairns-Smith (A.G.) - Seven Clues to the Origin of Life - A Scientific Detective Story	Yes
Cairns-Smith (A.G.)	Seven Clues to the Origin of Life - A Scientific Detective Story	Paper - By Subtopic	Cairns-Smith - Seven Clues to the Origin of Life - A Scientific Detective Story	3%
Cairns-Smith (A.G.)	Summing up: The Seven Clues	Paper - By Subtopic	Cairns-Smith - Seven Clues to the Origin of Life - A Scientific Detective Story	Yes
Cairns-Smith (A.G.)	The Life Puzzle - On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor	Book - By Subtopic	Cairns-Smith (A.G.) - The Life Puzzle - On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor	2%
Carroll (Sean M.)	The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself	Book - Referenced	Carroll (Sean M.) - The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself	1%
CIBA Foundation	Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	Book - By Subtopic	CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	No
Contera (Sonia)	Engines of life	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 9 April 2020	Yes
Contera (Sonia)	Nano Comes to Life	Book - By Subtopic	Contera (Sonia) - Nano Comes to Life	1%
Davies (Paul C.W.)	The Fifth Miracle: Search for the Origins of Life	Book - Cited	Davies (Paul C.W.) - The Fifth Miracle: Search for the Origins of Life	3%
De Jesus (Paulo)	Autopoietic Enactivism, Phenomenology and the Deep Continuity Between Life and Mind	Paper - By Subtopic	Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 15, 265-289	5%
DiFrisco (James) & Mossio (Matteo)	Diachronic Identity in Complex Life Cycles: An Organizational Perspective	Paper - By Subtopic	Dupré, J. (ed.): Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology, (History and Philosophy of Biology), Routledge, In press.	22%
Dupre (John) & O'Malley (Maureen A.)	Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Theoretical Biology (2009) 1:e003	No
Dyson (Freeman)	Origins of Life	Book - Cited	Dyson (Freeman) - Origins of Life	6%
Elliot (Natalie)	Origin story	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 8 September 2020	Yes
Emilsson (Eyjolfur K.)	On the Length of a Good Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 7	8%
England (Jeremy)	Why trees don’t ungrow	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 01 November, 2017	Yes
Erber (Joan T.) & Szuchman (Lenore T.)	Great Myths of Aging	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Erber (Joan T.) & Szuchman (Lenore T.) - Great Myths of Aging	17%
Erber (Joan T.) & Szuchman (Lenore T.)	Great Myths of Aging: Living Contexts	Paper - By Subtopic	Erber (Joan T.) & Szuchman (Lenore T.) - Great Myths of Aging, Chapter 4	29%
Feldman (Fred)	Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Feldman (Fred) - Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death	Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Life-Functional Theories of Life	Paper - Referencing	Feldman - Confrontations with the Reaper, Chapter 2	Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Vitalist Theories of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Feldman - Confrontations with the Reaper, Chapter 3	Yes
Flitch (Crawford J. E.)	The Tragic Sense of Life: Introductory Essay	Paper - By Subtopic	Unomono (Miguel De) - The Tragic Sense of Life	33%
Frossard (Philippe)	The Lottery of Life: The New Genetics and the Future of Mankind	Book - Cited	Frossard (Philippe) - The Lottery of Life: The New Genetics and the Future of Mankind	No
Gert (Bernard), Lizza (John), Youngner (Stuart) & Chiong (Winston)	Matters of 'Life' and 'Death'	Paper - By Subtopic	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 36, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2006), pp. 4-6	Yes
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Book - By Subtopic	Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	2%
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper - By Subtopic	Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	4%
Grobstein (Clifford)	The Strategy of Life	Book - Cited	Grobstein (Clifford) - The Strategy of Life	3%
Grobstein (Clifford)	The Strategy of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Grobstein (Clifford) - Strategy of Life	6%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: A-B (& General)	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: C-F	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: C-F	51%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: L-P	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: L-P	33%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Q-S	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: Q-S	28%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: T-Z	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: T-Z	21%
Hanfling (Oswald), Ed.	Life and Meaning - A Reader	Book - Cited	Hanfling (Oswald), Ed. - Life and Meaning - A Reader	No
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper - Referencing	Religious Studies, 43:2, June 2007, 237-242	Yes
Hoover (Richard B.)	Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteorites: Implications to Life on Comets, Europa, and Enceladus	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol 13, JournalofCosmology.com March, 2011	15%
Jaeger (Johannes) & Monk (Nick)	Everything flows: A process perspective on life	Paper - By Subtopic	EMBO Reports (2015) 16:1064-1067	17%
Jevons (F.R.)	The Biochemical Approach to Life	Book - Cited	Jevons (F.R.) - The Biochemical Approach to Life	No
Johnston (Mark)	Human Beings	Paper - Referencing	Journal of Philosophy, Volume 84, Issue 2 (Feb 1987), 59-83	Yes
Johnston (Mark)	Is Heaven a Place We Can Get To?	Paper - Referencing	Johnston (Mark) - Surviving Death, 2010	78%
Johnston (Mark)	Surviving Death	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	13%
Journal of Cosmology	Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteorites: Commentaries	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol 13, JournalofCosmology.com March, 2011	78%
Kaag (John)	The greatest use of life	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 01 October, 2018	22%
Kazez (Jean)	Life Doesn't Begin at Conception	Paper - By Subtopic	The Philosophers' Magazine, 3rd November 2017	Yes
Lachmann (Michael) & Walker (Sara)	Life ≠ alive	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 24 June, 2019	Yes
Laqueur (Thomas)	Ghosts and ghouls haunt the living with a message about life	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 11 January, 2017	Yes
Lemos (Noah)	Assessing Lives	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 6	7%
Levy (Steven)	Artificial Life: The Quest for a New Creation	Book - Cited	Levy (Steven) - Artificial Life: The Quest for a New Creation	4%
Lizza (John)	Where's Waldo? The 'decapitation gambit' and the definition of death	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 37, No. 12 (December 2011), pp. 743-746	No
Luper (Steven)	Life's Meaning	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 12	No
Luper (Steven)	The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014	42%
Luper (Steven), Ed.	The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death	Book - Cited	Luper (Steven), Ed. - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death	5%
Marsa (Linda)	The longevity gap	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 02 July, 2014	Yes
Martin (Michael G.F.), Ed.	Mind - 113/450 (April 2004)	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	6%
Maynard Smith (John)	The Problems of Biology	Book - By Subtopic	Maynard Smith (John) - The Problems of Biology	No
Maynard Smith (John)	The Problems of Biology	Paper - By Subtopic	Maynard Smith (John) - The Problems of Biology	No
McFadden (Johnjoe)	Life is quantum	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 29 October, 2014	Yes
McLaren (Ann)	Prelude to Embryogenesis	Paper - By Subtopic	CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	No
Medawar (Peter) & Medawar (Jean)	The Life Science: Current Ideas of Biology	Book - By Subtopic	Medawar (Peter) & Medawar (Jean) - The Life Science: Current Ideas of Biology	No
Medina (John)	The Clock of Ages - Why we Age; How we Age; Winding Back the Clock	Book - Cited	Medina (John) - The Clock of Ages - Why we Age; How we Age; Winding Back the Clock	Yes
Medina (John)	The Clock of Ages - Why we Age; How we Age; Winding Back the Clock	Paper - By Subtopic	Medina - The Clock of Ages - Why we Age; How we Age; Winding Back the Clock	Yes
Meincke (Anne Sophie) & Dupre (John), Eds.	Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Meincke (Anne Sophie) & Dupre (John), Eds. - Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology	6%
Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott)	Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics	Book - Referenced	Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics	11%
Morioka (Masahiro), Ed.	Nihilism and the Meaning of Life - A Philosophical Dialogue with James Tartaglia	Book - By Subtopic	Morioka (Masahiro), Ed. - Nihilism and the Meaning of Life - A Philosophical Dialogue with James Tartaglia	1%
Morioka (Masahiro), Ed.	Nihilism and the Meaning of Life - A Philosophical Dialogue with James Tartaglia	Paper - By Subtopic	Morioka (Masahiro), Ed - Nihilism and the Meaning of Life - A Philosophical Dialogue with James Tartaglia	1%
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book - By Subtopic	Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	2%
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Paper - By Subtopic	Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	5%
Nathan (Marco J.)	Knowing your true age requires more than a swab and calendar	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 02 March 2022	Yes
Noble (Denis)	Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity	Book - Cited	Noble (Denis) - Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity	5%
Noble (Denis)	Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity	Paper - By Subtopic	Noble (Denis) - Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity	12%
Noble (Denis)	The Music of Life: Biology Beyond Genes	Book - Cited	Noble (Denis) - The Music of Life: Biology Beyond Genes	7%
Noble (Denis)	The Music of Life: Biology Beyond Genes	Paper - By Subtopic	Noble (Denis) - The Music of Life: Biology Beyond Genes	16%
Oderberg (David)	Synthetic Life and the Bruteness of Immanent Causation	Paper - By Subtopic	E. Feser (ed.) Aristotle on Method and Metaphysics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013): 206-35	12%
Ozanne (Charles)	The Life and Soul of Mortal Man: His Composition, Disintegration, and Resurrection	Book - Referenced	Ozanne (Charles) - The Life and Soul of Mortal Man: His Composition, Disintegration, and Resurrection	7%
Papineau (David)	Introducing Consciousness	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Papineau (David)	Introducing Consciousness	Paper - Referencing	Papineau - Introducing Consciousness	Yes
Popper (Karl) & Eccles (John)	The Self and Its Brain	Book - Referenced	Popper (Karl) & Eccles (John) - The Self and Its Brain	2%
Pross (Addy)	Biology is Chemistry	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 7	Yes
Pross (Addy)	Biology's Crisis of Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 6	Yes
Pross (Addy)	Life’s restlessness	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 29 April, 2014	Yes
Pross (Addy)	Living Things are so Very Strange	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 1	Yes
Pross (Addy)	Stability and Instability	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 4	Yes
Pross (Addy)	The Knotty Origin of Life Problem	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 5	Yes
Pross (Addy)	The Quest for a Theory of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 2	Yes
Pross (Addy)	Understanding 'Understanding'	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 3	Yes
Pross (Addy)	What Is Life?	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology, Chapter 8	Yes
Pross (Addy)	What is Life? How Chemistry Becomes Biology: Preface	Paper - By Subtopic	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology	Yes
Pross (Addy)	What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology	Book - Cited	Pross (Addy) - What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology	Yes
Ruse (Michael)	Does life have a purpose?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 24 June, 2013	Yes
Schrodinger (Erwin)	What is Life?	Book - Cited	Schrodinger (Erwin) - What is Life?	4%
Schrodinger (Erwin)	What is Life?	Paper - By Subtopic	Schrodinger - What is Life? 1944	6%
Sheldrake (Rupert)	A New Science of Life: The Hypothesis of Formative Causation	Book - Cited	Sheldrake (Rupert) - A New Science of Life: The Hypothesis of Formative Causation	2%
Shipley (G.J.)	Review of Andy Clark's 'Natural-Born Cyborgs'	Paper - Referencing	Mind - 113/450 (April 2004)	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Moral Issues at the Beginning of Life, Part II: Creation	Paper - By Subtopic	Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction, 2009, Chapter 5	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction	Yes
Simons (Geoff)	Are Computers Alive? Evolution and New Life Forms	Book - By Subtopic	Simons (Geoff) - Are Computers Alive? Evolution and New Life Forms	2%
Skibba (Ramin)	To find aliens, we must think of life as we don’t know it	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 19 September, 2017	Yes
Skillings (Derek J.)	Life is not easily bounded	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 24 October, 2017	Yes
Smolin (Lee)	The Life of the Cosmos	Book - By Subtopic	Smolin (Lee) - The Life of the Cosmos	1%
Swinburne (Richard)	The Evolution of the Soul	Book - By Subtopic	Swinburne (Richard) - The Evolution of the Soul	No
Tegmark (Max)	Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence	Book - Cited	Tegmark (Max) - Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animation	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Life	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa) & Zalewski (Zbigniew), Eds.	Life: The Human Being between Life and Death	Book - Cited	Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa) & Zalewski (Zbigniew), Eds. - Life: The Human Being between Life and Death	No
Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa) & Zalewski (Zbigniew), Eds.	Life: The Human Being between Life and Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa) & Zalewski (Zbigniew), Eds. - Life: The Human Being between Life and Death	No
Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa), Ed.	The Origins of Life: The Primogenital Matrix Of Life And Its Context	Book - By Subtopic	Tymieniecka (Anna-Teresa), Ed. - The Origins of Life: The Primogenital Matrix Of Life And Its Context	No
Unamuno (Miguel De), Flitch (Crawford J. E.)	The Tragic Sense of Life	Book - By Subtopic	Unamuno (Miguel De), Flitch (Crawford J. E.) - The Tragic Sense of Life	2%
Unamuno (Miguel De), Flitch (Crawford J. E.)	The Tragic Sense of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Unomono (Miguel De) - The Tragic Sense of Life	4%
Vedral (Vlatko)	What life wants	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 27 November 2012	Yes
Velleman (David)	Beyond Price: Papers On Life And Death	Book - Referenced	Velleman (David) - Beyond Price: Papers On Life And Death	6%
Velleman (David)	The Rights to a Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Written for a conference on “Life-Writing” at the Huntington Library, March 2012	17%
Warren (James)	The Symmetry Problem	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 10	7%
Wilkinson (Dominic) & Doolabh (Keyur)	Which lives matter most?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 12 June, 2017	Yes
Williams (Bernard)	Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research	Paper - By Subtopic	CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	No
Wilson (Edward O.)	The Diversity of Life	Book - By Subtopic	Wilson (Edward O.) - The Diversity of Life	No
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper - Referencing	Wilson, Jack - Biological Individuality: The identity and Persistence of Living Entities; 1999, Chap. 1, pp. 1-21	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Book - Cited	Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Yes
Wollheim (Richard)	The Thread of Life	Book - Cited	Wollheim (Richard) - The Thread of Life	7%

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1. Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2022

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